Download Injuries to the Head and Spine

Injuries to the Head and Spine
The Head
• Head
– Bones of the
• cranium
• face
• teeth
– Brain
– Brain Stem
Bones of the Cranium and Face
Nervous System
• Main components
– Brain
– Cranial Nerves
– Spinal Cord
– Spinal Nerves
– Peripheral Nerves
The Nervous System
• Function
– communicate, coordinate,
regulate
• 2 main divisions
1. Central Nervous System
(CNS)
– brain, cranial nerves & spinal
cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System
– everything outside brain &
spinal cord
– gathers and carries info to and
from the CNS
Cranial Nerves
• Cranial Nerves
– 12 pairs of nerves
– lead from brain to
parts of head, neck
and torso
– involved in
• senses
• controlling facial
muscles
• regulate glands
The Nervous System
2 Types of Neurons
– Afferent Neurons (sensory)
• Sends sensory info to CNS
– Efferent Neurons (motor)
• Sends info from CNS
• Stimulates muscle tissue
• Stimulates organs and glands
– Mixed Neurons (sensory and
motor)
• Located in the brain and spinal
cord
Neurons
Major Spinal Nerves
Cervical
– C1 through C8
– Includes Brachial plexus (C5 – T1)
– Phrenic Nerve (breathing)
Thoracic
– T1 through T12
Lumbar
– L1 through L4
Sacral
– L4 through S4
– Sciatic Nerve
Spinal Nerve Roots
The Brain
Parts of the brain
– Cerebrum
• largest part (2 hemispheres)
• 4 lobes
• controls willful actions,
interprets sensory messages
• governs thought and speech
– Cerebellum
• Muscle coordination and
maintains balance
Lobes of the Brain
• Frontal
– thinking, personality,
behavior
• Parietal
– language
• Occipital
– vision
• Temporal
– language, hearing
The Brain
• Brain stem
– Connects spinal cord with
cerebrum
– Controls
• Involuntary autonomic
functions
• Breathing, heart rate, blood
pressure, digestion
– Consists of:
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla Oblongata
The Brain
• Brain Stem
– Pons
• communication and
coordination center
between parts of brain
• “switchboard”
– Medulla Oblongata
• controls breathing, HR,
swallowing ect…..
The Brain
• Parts of the brain
– Hypothalamus
• Regulates body temp,
sleep cycles
• controls production of
many hormones
• body’s thermostat
Regions of the Brain
Cranial Nerves
• The 12 Cranial
Nerves
• Assessing Cranial
Nerves
Injuries to the Brain: Concussion
• Concussion
– injury to the brain or
spinal cord
• MOI
– blow to the head or a fall
• Symptoms
–
–
–
–
–
–
Dizziness
Nausea
Confusion
Headache
Disorientation
Blurred vision
Treatment of Concussions
• Treatment of concussions
– Threw out grading system
– If symptomatic, athlete has
a concussion
– No activity until
asymptomatic for 24 hours
– More severe symptoms
requires no tv, no reading,
no video games
• What is a
concussion?
Concussion: Return to Play
• No symptoms for 24
hours then:
– Day 1 – slow jog; no
symptoms, then
– Day 2 – sprints/weights; no
symptoms, then
– Day 3 – practice/no
contact; no symptoms, then
– Return to physician for
clearance
– Football High
– League of Denial: The
NFL’s Concussion Crisis
Concussions
• Second Impact
Syndrome (SIS)
– Swelling of the brain
– Occurs when suffering
2nd concussion before
1st concussion is
healed
– Very dangerous and
sometimes fatal
– E:60 - Second Impact
Syndrome
Anatomy of the Ear
Injuries to the Ear
Cauliflower Ear (Hematoma Auris)
– most common injury of ear
(wrestling)
– caused by extreme friction or
repeated trauma
– fluid and blood accumulate
around outer ear
– treat: ice and compress
Cauliflower Ear
Injuries to the Ear
Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa)
– infection of ear canal
– caused by trapped
moisture
– symptoms: dizziness,
pain, itching, discharge
– send to physician
Injuries to the Ear
• Tympanic Membrane
(eardrum) Rupture
– caused by sudden
change in pressure or
objects inserted too far
– symptoms: loud pop,
pain, hearing loss
– send to physician
immediately
Tympanic Membrane Rupture
Anatomy of the Eye
Injuries to the Eye
• Contusions (black eyes)
– caused by blow to eye
area
– ice immediately
– send to physician if
bleeding or double vision
Injuries to the Eyes
Corneal Abrasions or Laceration
– scratch on corneal surface
– caused by dirt, sand,
insects, or contact with
another athlete’s finger
– symptoms: pain and
watering of the eye
– don’t rub eye, patch eye
Corneal Abrasion
Injuries to the Eye
• Retinal Detachment
– caused by blow to eye or
head
– separation of retina from
underlying tissue
– symptoms: flashes of
light, “curtain” covering
field of vision
– patch eye and send to
physician
Detached Retina
Injuries to the Eye
• Fractures (“blow out”)
– caused by direct blow
– symptoms: swelling,
bleeding & double vision
– control bleeding, patch
with sterile gauze,
physician
– Most orbital fractures
require surgery
Orbital / Blow Out Fracture
Injuries to the Eye
• Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
– highly contagious
– caused by viruses,
bacteria or allergens
– symptoms: burning,
itching and discharge
– send to physician
Conjuctivitis
Conjuctivitis
Injuries to the Eyes
• Sty
– infection of the eyelash
follicle or oil gland
– symptoms: pain, redness,
& swelling
– treatment: apply moist
heat and physician if
doesn’t clear up
Sty
Anatomy of the Nose
Injuries to the Nose
• Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
– cause: direct blow
– treatment:
• control bleeding with direct
pressure
• athlete sit upright, lean
forward, pinch nose
• ice if swelling is present
• do not blow nose once
bleeding has stopped
Injuries to the Nose
• Nasal Deviation & Fx
– cause: direct blow
– symptoms: deformity,
pain, swelling, bleeding
– treatment: stop bleeding,
send to physician
Nasal Fractures
Injuries to the Mouth and Jaw
• Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Dislocation
– cause: side blow to an open mouth
– symptoms:
• locked jaw in open position
• overbite in a normal bite
• deformity
– treatment: ice, physician, do not attempt to
reduce
Normal
Dislocated
Mandibular Dislocation
Injuries to the Mouth and Jaw
• Jaw Fractures
– cause: direct blow
– symptoms: abnormal movement, loss of
normal bite, pain, point tenderness
– treatment: ice, immobilize, send to physician
Mandible Fracture
Anatomy of the Spine
• Composed of 30
vertebrae
–
–
–
–
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused
together to make 1)
– coccyx
– vertebrae separated
by cartilaginous discs
The Spine
• ROM of spine
– forward (flexion)
– backward (extension)
– side to side (lateral
flexion)
– rotation (cervical &
lumbar only)
Functions of the Spinal Column
1. Protection
– Spinal Cord
– Internal organs
2. Structural Support
3. Base for Attachment
– Ligaments
– Tendons
– Muscles
Injuries to the Spinal Column
• Herniated disc
– Deteriorated to the point
that pushes against a
nerve
– Commonly between L-4
and L-5 or L-5 and S-1.
– Treatment – Ice and
send to physician
Injuries to Spinal Column
• Cervical nerve stretch
(burner or stinger)
– Stretching of the brachial
plexus
– MOI – head pushed to side
and shoulder pushed down
– Treatment - Ice, neck and
shoulder strengthening
– Symptoms:
• Pain
• Muscle Weakness
• Numbness
Nerves Affected by Stinger
Injuries to Spinal Column
• Contusions
– Caused by direct blow
• Treatment
1. Rule out rib
fractures and injury
to kidney
2. Ice
3. Protect area if
possible
Injuries to Spinal Column
• Muscle Spasms
– Uncontrolled, painful
contraction of muscle
– Caused by injury,
overuse or improper
lifting
• Symptoms: pain, cramping,
muscle tightness
• Treatment: Ice massage,
stretching, rest
– How to Treat Back
Spasms
Injuries to Spinal Column
• Back Sprain/Strains
– Caused by sudden
twisting motion and
improper lifting
– No radiating pain should
be present
– Treatment: Ice, rest,
stretching, back
strengthening exercises
Sprains
Strains
Injuries to Spinal Column
• Spondylolysis – defect
in vertebrae caused by
repeated stress from
hyperextension
• Spondylolisthesis –
condition where the disk
slips forward caused by
muscle weakness from
spondylolysis
Spondylolysis vs. Spondylolisthesis
Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
Kyphosis
– exaggerated posterior
curvature of the
thoracic spine
Lordosis
– abnormal anterior
curvature of the
lumbar spine
Scoliosis
– lateral curve of spine