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AP Psychology Exam 1
9
8
7
6
A
B
C
D
E
5
4
3
2
1
0
1st
3rd
6th
7th
What information is missing before
we can draw a conclusion?
• How many of the E’s are due to absences?
• What could contribute to the uneven
distribution of A’s in 3rd and 6th vs 1st and
7th?
– What possible correlation could you come up
with?
What do you notice?
25
20
15
Classes
Combined
10
5
0
E
D
C
B
A
Stats: Unit 1 Exam
• 100% of students who came on his or her own time to ask
questions earned a B or higher on the test
– What is the extraneous variable here? Is this cause/effect?
• 94.6% of students who passed every reading test earned a
B or higher on the test
• 98.7% of students who failed every reading test earned a
D or lower on the test
– What correlations can you make? Are they positive or negative?
• How will you personally be able to work against the
extraneous variable from the first bullet if you were not
successful on this test?
Where do we go from here…
•
Let’s make a deal…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conference
Study
Improve
Drop this test
Periods 1 and 3 most missed
questions
•
68) A negative correlation between degree of
wealth and likelihood of suffering from a
psychological disorder would indicate that
a.
Poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological
disorders
b. The poor are more likely to have a psychological
disorder than the wealthy
c. Psychological disorders usually prevent people from
accumulating wealth
d. Poverty causes vulnerability to psychological
disorders
e. All the above are true
Cont’d
•
72.) Alexandra is told that research supports the value of
cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is
told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery
has been refuted by research. Both women would
consider the findings to be common sense. This best
illustrates the power of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Random sampling
The false consensus effect
The hindsight bias
Illusory correlation
Confirmation bias
Neurons: Three types.
• Sensory neurons - afferent
• Motor neurons - efferent
• Interneurons: intervene between one
neuron and another
The Neuron: the basic building block (cell) of
the nervous system.
• Neurons are composed of the following
parts:
–
–
–
–
–
Axon
Soma
Dendrite
Myelin sheath
Terminal Branches/Buttons
Neuron Parts continued
– Synapse-space between neurons.
• Aka Synaptic Gap/Cleft
– Nodes of Ranvier – gap between
axons
– Action Potential- electrical charge
that runs through the neuron caused
by depolarization of the neuron.
All or None Law: Like firing a gun
• Neuron will fire or it won’t – there is no
between
– Squeezing a trigger hard or soft?
– Turning on a light switch slow or fast?
Track!
\
Acetylcholine (ACh)
• Released by motor neurons
• Contraction of skeletal muscles
• Regulates heart muscles, promotes arousal
in brain and spinal cord
• ACh gone wrong – depletion = Alzheimer’s,
low ACh means low attention/arousal
Dopamine (DA)
• Control of voluntary movement
• Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity
at DA synapses
• “reward pathway”
• DA gone wrong – Parkinson’s = death of
DA, Schizophrenic disorders, addictive
disorders (sex, drugs, videogames)
Norepinephrine (NE)
• Found in Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)
• Mood and arousal, fight or flight
• Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity
at NE synapses
• NE gone wrong - depression
Serotonin
• Regulation of sleep and wakefulness,
aggression
• Prozac and antidepressant drugs affect
serotonin circuits
• Serotonin gone wrong – depressive
disorders
GABA or gamma-aminobutryic acid
• Inhibitory transmitter
• Regulates anxiety, sleep/arousal
• GABA gone wrong – lack of GABA =
Anxiety disorders, tremors, insomnia,
epilepsy
Glutamate
• Widely distributed excitatory transmitter
• Learning and memory
• Glutamate gone wrong – Schizophrenia,
migraine headaches
Opioid Peptides (endorphins)
• Brain’s “pain killers” – modulate
pain/pleasure
• Roles in pain relief and response to stress
• Regulation of eating behavior
• “Runner’s High”
Monoamines
• 3 neurotransmitters
– Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
GABA and Glutumate
• Consist of amino acids
– GABA - produces only inhibitory postsynaptic
potentials (PSP)
– Glutamate – widely distributed in the brain,
only has excitatory effects
Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory:
• Excitatory – neurotransmitter bound to receptor site
makes the neuron more likely to fire
• inhibitory – neurotransmitter bound to postsynaptic
receptor site prevents likelihood of neuron firing
– Agonists excite,
– Antagonists inhibit
• Endorphins block
• Heroin tolerance and withdrawal
MAOI’s
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
• Antidepressants used to treat depression,
anxiety, etc
SSRI Antidepressants
• Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor
• Anti depressant drugs (and some other
illegal drugs like cocaine)
– block the reuptake of neurotransmitters,
keeping in the synapse longer,
– intensifying their activity.
– For some depressed people that elevates their
mood.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d6Ra0n2
pUA
Neural Transmissions - Review
• After firing neurons go into refractory
period when it cannot fire.
– But a neuron can fire 100s of times a second,
repeating the chemical/electrical process.
– Action potentials travel at 200 mph.
• Remember though: A neuron either fires or
it doesn’t. It is an all or nothing
response.
• Intense feelings are combinations of
neurons and the rate in which they fire, not
a single intense firing.
Nerves
• Are long bundles of neurons that send and
return messages to and from the body from
the spinal column.
Neural Networks
• Neurons can communicate with hundred or
thousands of other neurons simultaneously.
• Neural networks can be built of visual,
sensory, cognitive, emotional information
drawn from throughout the brain and body.
Nervous System
• Central Nervous System--the
brain and spinal chord, that’s it.
Peripheral Nervous System
• If it’s not the brain or spinal
chord, it is this.
• Contains nerves that take messages
to and from the body to the brain.
• It has two parts: the skeletal
nervous system and the autonomic
system.
Peripheral Nervous System
Skeletal or voluntary N.S.
• This is the part of the nervous
system that tells your muscles
to move. You can choose to do
that.
Peripheral Nervous System:
The Autonomic System
• This is the part of the system
that you don’t have to think
about brain messages to and
from: heart, glands, organs,
lungs etc., pain messages,
tickles, strokes...
Peripheral System:
Autonomic:
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Works to arouse your body in
the flight or fight mode. Speeds
heartbeat, raises blood pressure and blood
sugar, sweat is produced, pupils dilate,
adrenaline is produced., slows digestion,
dilates arteries, makes you alert.
• We feel sympathy for Bill Clinton because
he is always aroused.
Peripheral System:
Autonomic:
Parasympathetic Nervous System
• This system calms you down.
The body goes back to
homeostasis, or balance.
• Parachutes slow you down.