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Welcome to 755 Brain in health and disease Chris Elliott & Sean Sweeney Aim: describe the workings of the CNS in health and disease Neurons Glia Blood vessels See http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/755 Synapses Learning & Memory complementary module more cellular approach what is cellular basis of synaptic function how does this relate to learning how is memory stored and related to our “conscious remembering” Gareth Evans, Sean Sweeney, Chris Elliott Reading Purves, D et al 2008 Neuroscience 4th ed (Sinauer) Most of my pictures come from this Carlson NR (2010) Physiology of behaviour (10th ed) (Allyn & Bacon) Diseases Aim of the lecture Techniques to study brain What makes a brain? neurons glia synapses neurotransmitters mammalian brain regions Consciousness Techniques for brain study Anatomy post-mortem ? Electrophysiology Extra - & Intracellular recording Electroencephalography DBS & TMS Scanners PET & fMRI Anatomical techniques Silver stain/fluorescent label Immunocytochemistry deoxyglucose Intracellular recording Electroencephalography EEG DBS & TMS DBS (deep brain stimulation) TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) transient stimulus or lesion by intense electromagnetic wave Scanners CT scanners (X-rays) PET inject positronlabelled H2O accumulates labelled O2 or glucose fMRI – resonance of haemoglobin affects nearby water depending on amount of O2 bound Summary so far… Properties of neurons accessible anatomically functionally even in humans What makes a brain ? Cells Axon Dendrites Soma Synapses Molecular release of NT Key neurotransmitters Acetylcholine – NMJ / heart / CNS Glutamate main excitatory NT GABA main inhibitory NT glycine in spinal cord Adrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Any diseases ? degenerative developmental Glia About 100 times more glial cells than neurons Support neurons Astrocytes form blood-brain barrier Meninges Dura [hard] mater Arachnoid [spiderlike] pia [soft, gentle] mater meningitis ~ 9 new cases in UK+Ireland /day Neurons Why are neurons so interesting ? Fast signalling Specific connections Long distances Key features: Need glia Ion channels Synaptic transmission Summary so far… Properties of neurons accessible anatomically functionally even in humans Brain depends on neurons glia blood supply constant environment Human CNS Axes of human CNS Planes of section Lobes of the cortex Sagital section Brainstem hippocampus Spinal cord cerebellum cerebral hemispheres optic tectum olfactory bulb medulla http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1093/icb/42.4.743?journalCode=icbi Summary so far… Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS cortex = cerebrum highly developed in mammals, especially primates midbrain brainstem spinal cord How does brain activity link to movement? Spinal cord Feedback reflex feedback reflexes Motor cortex motivated movement Basal ganglia timing of movement Cerebellum important in learned motor skills Summary so far… Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS Feedback control of movement spinal cord cerebellum Feedforward cortex basal ganglia Consciousness? Stages of Sleep Sleep pattern Sleep Dolphins can sleep with L or R half- brain Flies sleep roles for DA and 5-HT Sleep is necessary Summary to end… Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS Control of movement Feedback Feedforward Control of awareness Thought for the day "Why does research take so long?“ "Why is progress so slow?“ "Why don't we have effective therapies for these devastating diseases?" http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/29/41/12722