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World War II: The Pacific
Japan's Ascendancy in Asia and
the Pacific War
1642 - 1853
• Japan follows a policy
of isolationism
• Did not want to be
victimized like China
Japan’s Ascendancy in Asia
• Feudal society of Japan
practiced isolationism
until 1853. (Commodore
Perry)
• Foreign involvement
triggered revolution.
• New leaders favored
industrialization of Japan.
• Technology was
purchased from industrial
nations.(i.e. war
technology)
Japanese Industrialization
• Collectivization of
Agriculture
• Creates population to
work in industry
• Western education
systems introduced by
sending students
abroad this helps to
establish a
knowledgeable
workforce
Japan’s Ascendancy in Asia
• As Japan’s industrial and military strength
increased it looked at the Asian mainland as a
main source of raw materials. (i.e. Manchuria)
• Continuously denied equal status as a great power
(i.e. Washington Treaties) Japan decided to
concentrate on their sphere of influence in Asia.
– They would be liberators from colonial control.
War on the Mainland in 1894
• The Japanese capture Formosa and gain
economic interests in Korea
1900 Boxer Rebellion
• Japan gains economic power in China and
with political power with Britain
– Open Door Policy (American)
– Japan gains interest in China by forming an
alliance with Britain
– Japan promises to protect British economic
interests in China so that Britain can move her
fleet
Russo-Japanese War
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Russia is Japan’s biggest expansion threat
1904 – Japan attack Lushen (Port Arthur)
Russian’s are defeated
Sign the treaty of Portsmouth
Allows for increased economic interest for
Japan
• And creates a new respect for Asian People
WWI – British Allies
• Japan occupies German colonies
• Most remain in Japanese control
• This allows Japan to control major sea lanes
linking North America to Australia and the
Philippines
• 1922 Japan withdraws forces in Siberia
Washington Naval Agreements
1921-1934
• 5:3 ratio Japan agrees as it still has dominance
in Asia
• Anglo-Japanese alliance lapses due to large
immigration limitations
– Japanese are insulted
• 4 Powers Pact – promise to respect
spheres of influence (F, B, A, J)
• Japan changes foreign polices and
prepares for battle
The Manchurian Incident
• 1931 – Japan goes to war with the Guomindang for
Manchuria
• Jiang busy with Mao appeals to the League of Nations
for help
• The incident becomes a test case and reason for the L
of N’s failure
• Send Lytton who identifies Japan as the aggressor
• Japan is insulted; however, L of N does recognize
Japan’s economic interests
• Members due not wish to give money for a war in Asia
• America is not strong in the Pacific
1936 – Anti-Comintern Pact with
Germany
• Alliance between Germany and Japan
The Pacific War 1937
• Begins over a foolish incident
• Japanese made great advances into China
including capturing the City of Nanking
• Raping of Nanking – 4 week assault on the city
• Jiang retreated to mountains and asks for foreign
aid but he stock piles weapons for civil war
• 6 year undeclared truce called
• Japan controlled most of Eastern China by 1939
Show Video – Wikispaces: Rape of
Nanking - viewer warning graphic
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• US and Britain in the face of
Japanese aggression
sanction oil, aviation fuel,
scrap metal
• On October 1940 – Tojo
comes to power
– Americans delay negotiations
– Tojo plans attack on major
cities and Pearl Harbor
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere (1940)
• The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
was an attempt by Japan to create a bloc of Asian
nations free of influence from Western nations.
• It is remembered today largely as a front for the
Japanese control of occupied countries during
WWII, in which puppet governments manipulated
local populations and economies for the benefit of
wartime Japan.
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
• Led by General Tojo a Japanese naval armada
launches an airborne attack on the U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
See Video Clip 1941- Days that Shook the World
DVD Set
Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7, 1941
• Pre-emptive attack after six months of trying to negotiate
a treaty
• Woke the Sleeping Giant
• Europe first policy due to German industrial capacity
• Between 1941-42 Japan has feelings of success in the
Pacific (Navy led)
• Japanese Navy calls for the Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere
• “Asia for Asia” (with Japanese hegemony)
• 1941 – Japan signs Non-aggression pact with SU
Pearl Harbor
• Most of the Pacific fleet was sunk or heavily damaged.
• 2400 Americans died
Pearl Harbor
• Although 18 ships were destroyed, none of America’s
aircraft carriers were in the harbor at the time.
War in the Pacific
The Doolittle Raid
(April 18, 1942)
• In an attempt to strike back as soon as possible Lt. Col.
James Doolittle leads a flight of heavy bombers off a carrier
in an air attack over Tokyo.
Battle of Coral Sea
May 7, 1942
• American and
Japanese carrier fleets
engage in battle off the
coast of Australia.
• Though the Japanese
inflict more damage
than they suffer their
plans for the invasion
of Australia are ruined.
Battle of Midway
June 4, 1942
• American intelligence
determined that the
Japanese intended to
strike the U.S. base at
Midway Island.
• American crews
caught the Japanese by
surprise and crippled
their navy.
See Video Clip
Battle of Midway
• Japan attacks Alaska to divert attention from
Midway Island – not fallen for
• 1943 Japan is driven off
• Fight against Japan was boosted by the Americans
luck – caught airplanes refueling
• Battle had high death tolls due to the belief that
suicide was an honorable death
• Hand to hand guerilla warfare
• Yamamoto loses the Battle of Midway
Pacific Theatre of War
• Following the battle of
Midway the Allies
went on the offensive
in Asia. (island
hopping)
• Some of the fiercest
battles took place
along the Guadalcanal
“island of death”.
Iwo Jima
(February, 1945)
• One of the most famous battles in
the Pacific
• Fighting lasted one month
– 20 000 American casualties
– 23 000 Japanese casualties
Okinawa
(April, 1945)
• Marines attacked Okinawa
• Kamakaze raids proved difficult for
Americans soldiers (1900 attacks)
• 40, 000 American casualties resulted.
• Despite victory by the Americans, Japan
still had
– 2 million troops
– 5000 kamakaze aircraft still stationed in Japan
Assault by Air
• As American planes ran bombing missions
over Japanese cities plans were made for the
assault on Japan by American forces.
• Assault would cost more than 1,000,000
American lives.
• Roosevelt passed away in April, 1945.
• New president Harry Truman did not want
to risk this many lives.
Hiroshima
August 6, 1945
• a bomber named the Enola Gay dropped Little Boy
(atomic bomb) on an industrial city in Japan named
Hiroshima.
• 77,000 people died
• No response by Japan
Atomic Bomb
• War weary the Americans decide to use the
Atomic Bomb
• Causalities of invading Japan were
estimated high
• Roosevelt dies – Truman replaces him and
is struggling to work with Stalin
• August 6/45 bomb dropped on Hiroshima
• August 9/45 bomb dropped on Nagasaki
• Soviets march into Manchuria
See Video
Clip
Nagasaki
August 9, 1945
• The USA drops a second bomb “Fat Boy”
• 74,000 people died
• This coupled with Soviet forces attacking Manchuria and Korea
force Emperor Hirohito to surrender.
Japan Surrenders (VJ Day)
September 2, 1945
Wartime Conferences
Casablanca Conference
January, 1943
• Roosevelt and
Churchill decided to
accept nothing less
than the unconditional
surrender of Germany.
• Plan to postpone DDay and plan more
immediate targets in
Italy.
Teheran Conference
November, 1943
• Stalin, Churchill and
Roosevelt met and
decided on creating a
second front in France
to be launched June
1944.
Yalta Conference
February, 1945
• To put an end to German
militarism and Nazism
• To punish war criminals and to
exact reparations
• To divide Germany into
occupation zones
• Confirmed Soviet possession of
Eastern Poland compensating
Poland with German territory
• To assist countries under Allied
occupation in forming
democratically elected interim
governments.
• Announced a “conference of
United Nations” to be held in
San Francisco in April 1945
Potsdam
July, 1945
• Roosevelt had passed away so
new U.S. president Truman
represented the USA.
• Established four power
occupation zones for postwar
Germany.
• Established plans for the
reordering of the German
economy and German
institutions.
• Issued an ultimatum to Japan
either to surrender or risk total
destruction.
• The decisions made at these conferences
resulted in the establishment of Soviet and
Western Blocs that would form the basis of
a tense rivalry following the war.
Deaths in World War II
Deaths in World War II
Total Dead: approximately 61 million