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Origins of World War II (1939-1945) Treaty of Versailles Rise of Hitler Nationalism Rise of fascism in Italy Major Causes of World War II Japanese expansionism Economic depression Militarism Appeasement American Isolationism The Road to World War II -Identify the characters - What is this picture an example of? Treaty of Versailles - Germany punished, this left bitter feelings -Germany was forced to -Accept all the blame for the war -Pay millions in reparations to Britain and France -Territory divided - Italy was disappointed that it was denied territory British Prime Minister George 1914 1919 Italian Prime Minister Orlando French Prime Minister Clemenceau “Big Four” U.S. President Wilson Hitler and Nazi Germany • Rise to power result of weakness of previous government • Charismatic speaker, preached German nationalism, denounced Versailles Treaty • Blamed Jews and communists for Germany’s problems • Promised return of German pride January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming Germany Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he depression years. March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland and challenged the Treaty of Versailles. The Rhineland was a region of Germany that was ‘demilitarised’ after the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region. Hitler’s actions showed how he was willing to directly challenge the treaty. March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria Again, this went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from uniting with Austria. However, the arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people. March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia Hitler had ordered the occupation of a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland (in October 1938). Many hoped that that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis. However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. This was the first aggressive step that suggested that a war in Europe would soon begin. The Rise of Fascism in Italy Fascism is a totalitarian form of government which: Benito Mussolini Glorifies the state Has one leader and one party All aspects of society are controlled by the government No opposition or protests are tolerated Propaganda and censorship are widely practiced Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922 and helped found the political ideology of fascism. He sided with the Axis powers in 1940. In Germany, depression, unemployment and hard times led to a dramatic increase in votes for Hitler and the Nazi Party. Election date Votes in millions Share May 20, 1928 0.81 2.6% September 14, 1930 6.41 18.3% July 31, 1932 13.75 37.3% November 6, 1932 11.74 33.1% March 5, 1933 17.28 43.9% Voting for Hitler’s party increased as unemployment rates rose Worldwide Economic Depression After WWI many European economies were unstable. The boom in the U.S. throughout the 1920s helped sustain worldwide trade. The 1929 stock market crash in the U.S. and the resulting Great Depression spread throughout the world. U.S. restrictive tariff policies worsened the depression. As economies plummeted and unemployment rose, many people turned to powerful leaders and governments who promised success through military buildup and the conquest of territory. German breadlines Japanese children eating radish roots during famine Japanese Expansionism In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria for raw materials. The same year, Japan began to attack China, with full-scale war breaking out in 1937 in the Sino-Japanese War. Sought total control of Pacific resources Militarism – Hideki Tojo Anti-Communism Under communism, all means of production are controlled by the government, as are property, the media, and all other aspects of society. The 1930s saw the rise of many totalitarian regimes; but most people chose fascism over communism. A Battle for Germany: Nazi anti-communist book from 1933 Hitler exploited people’s fear of a communist takeover in Germany to rise to power in 1933. Appeasement Appeasement is the act of giving in to an enemy’s demands in hopes of avoiding further conflict. In 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany. He claimed that the German population living there was being mistreated. The British and French prime ministers agreed to Hitler’s demands without consulting Czechoslovakian leaders, in the hopes that this would avoid a war in Europe. Appeasement • 1938- Hitler invades Austria, Sudetenland on Czech border • Munich Conference (1938): Chamberlain and Daladier allow Hitler to do this (appeasement) • Chamberlain: “Peace in our time” • British rearmament Militarism The glorification of war, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war. An important aspect of militarism is that the glorification of war is incorporated into all levels of society, including education of the nation’s youth. Militaristic societies have existed throughout human history. Hitler Youth group Ancient Sparta is an example of a militaristic society Nationalism Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own nation over all others. In the extreme, it can lead to major conflicts between nations. Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan’s Tojo each touted their nation’s ability to dominate all others in the years leading up to WWII. Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo, Japanese flag American Isolationism Domestic: U.S. in midst of Great Depression, public intent on remaining neutral 1935: First Neutrality Act (no sale of arms to belligerent nations) 1937: Arm sales only on “cash and carry” basis FDR warns of impending problems Conflict in Europe seemed distant, and the U.S. tried to remain neutral. This policy weakened the European democracies. The Nye Committee held congressional hearings in the mid-1930s, concluding that the U.S. was tricked into entering WWI by arms manufacturers and Allied propaganda. Isolationism in the U.S. Hitler and Mussolini • Economic, military reasons for neutrality • Tried to prevent mistakes that led to WWI involvement • FDR: “Let no one imagine that we will escape…that this western hemisphere will not be attacked”—outraged many isolationists World War II (1939-1941) Hitler’s Wild Ride in Europe While the U.S. Watches War Erupts!!! • March 1939- Hitler breaks Munich agreement, invades rest of Czechoslovakia • August 1939- Hitler signs nonaggression pact with rival USSR German “blitz” of Warsaw • September 1, 1939“blitzkrieg” invasion of Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany Hitler Moves in Europe • Hitler seizes Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg • Hitler controls France, turns attention to Britain – Puppet Government – Vichy France • Fall 1940- Battle of Britain – London heavily bombed but Churchill remains defiant British Prime Minister Winston Churchill The United States and Britain • 1939- Roosevelt revises Neutrality Act, allows for arms trade • Public opinion divided • Election of 1940- FDR wins 3rd term • Destroyers for Bases: – called for 50 American destroyers to be exchanged for the use of 8 British naval bases along the North Atlantic coast • Lend-Lease Act: – made it possible to lend or lease supplies to any country whose interests were vital (GB)- $50 billion United States and Japan • Japan wanted to extend influence in Far East • July 1940: U.S. embargo of raw materials to Japan • 1941: Lend-Lease aid to Japanese attack on China Pearl Harbor • Anticipating attack in the Philippines • December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Images of Pearl Harbor America Enters War • Pearl Harbor attack devastates nation • FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” • December 8, 1941- FDR receives war declaration from Congress against Japan • Germany, Italy declare war on United States FDR addresses Congress after Pearl Harbor attack Japanese Internment • February, 1942: FDR issues Executive Order 9066 – Over 100,000 Japanese-Americans on West Coast moved to the interior – Japanese farms/businesses bought for far less value World War II Effects on Americans & “The Racial Tensions” Effects on Americans • Rationing: a system for limiting the distribution of food, gasoline, and other goods—so the military could have the weapons, equipment, and supplies it needed. As a result, life in the United States would change dramatically. • The key to the system was the ration book, which contained coupons that allowed consumers to buy rationed items, such as canned goods, sugar, coffee, and dairy products. S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food! WPB • War Productions Board (WPB) - manage the conversion of industries to military production Your Number Was Called! GIs • Many young Americans left the comforts of home to join the military. While they were in the service, the government provided all of their food and supplies. • Those items were often labeled “government issue,” or GI. Soldiers had GI soap, GI socks, a GI helmet, and a GI rifle. For that reason, they began referring to themselves as GI soldiers, or simply GIs. The name stuck, and fighting men in all the armed forces used it proudly. American Women Many men had left to serve in the military over seas. To fill the void of absent male workers, women took many industrial jobs. They worked in shipyards and other heavy industries. Who can tell us who “Rosie the Riveter” was ? No New Dresses for a While US leaders realized that women could serve in many of the roles of male soldiers. Congress created an military unit of female clerks, nurses, and pilots known as the Women’s Army Corps or “WACs.” This unit was the first of its kind. For the first time in US history, females were officially admitted into the military. Women often faced hostility on the job, even though the were doing their part to help America win the war. Women still received less pay than men did for the same work. Most women had to care for children and homes after their work shift ended. Japanese Americans When the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurred, many Americans were afraid that the Japanese would soon invade America. President Roosevelt quickly signed a proclamation declaring all people of Japanese descent to be “enemy aliens.” All of these “enemy aliens” had to register with the US government and carry special IDs. The US government began to relocate Japanese descendants to internment camps in the central states of America. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 which declared large areas of the US as military zones off-limits to Japanese Americans. These individuals were then evacuated from such zones, and forced into internment camps. However, these Japanese Americans were US citizens and this relocation violated their Constitutional rights. One Japanese American citizen was arrested because he refused to leave his home. Fred Korematsu appealed his arrest charges to the Supreme Court. Korematsu v United States - Mr. Korematsu sued the government for violating his rights as a US citizen. The Supreme Court upheld his conviction on the grounds that one’s civil rights can be set aside in a time of war. African Americans The US was fighting in Europe in the name of Democracy against Nazi Germany. The Nazis were guilty of practicing racism against European Jews. However, African Americans in the US were still feeling the racism of white Americans. Black leaders called for an American war against racism on two fronts. The Double V Campaign was an effort to win a victory for democracy in Europe and in America. Segregated Units Racism still had a strong foothold in the US military. Early in WW2, the military refused to accept any African Americans. Black leaders pressed the US government to end military discrimination, and in time began to allow blacks the opportunity to serve and become officers. Who can tell us about the Tuskegee Airmen? The Tuskegee Airmen were the first all black combat pilots in the US military. They trained in Tuskegee Alabama. They flew fighter planes that escorted and protected Allied bombers. Their unit has the distinction of never losing a bomber during WW2. Jewish Americans Many European Jews escaped Nazi occupied Europe and attempted to reach the safety of Allied shores. The ship St. Louis carried many of these refugees to Cuba and then to America. They were refused entry at both counties. The ship had no choice but to return to Europe, where most of the refugees were recaptured and soon died at the hands of Nazis. Jewish Americans often heard the tragic tales of Nazi oppression of their Jewish relatives. They soon pressured the US government to act. Although Hitler was exterminating Jews in a systematic way, it wasn’t until 1944 that Roosevelt acted. He issued an executive order creating the War Refugee Board. The War Refugee Board was an agency that relocated escaped Jews to centers in Italy, North Africa, and former Army camps in the US. Mexican Americans Just like other Americans, Mexican Americans did their part in fighting WW2. However, many Hispanic civilians remained victims of racial tensions at home. Many Mexican Americans of that time wore “Zoot Suits.” The common notion was that any Hispanic wearing a “Zoot Suit” was a gang member. This notion led to violent acts of racism against many Mexican Americans. In eastern California, Hispanics often lived in “barrios” close to Naval Stations. Relations between Mexican Americans and servicemen from these stations was hostile. In the summer of 1943, the “Zoot Suit Riot” erupted between Hispanics and US servicemen because of the clothing worn by the Mexican Americans. The local police broke up the riots after several nights, but the only people they arrested were the Hispanics. Allied Military Strategy (1941-1945) Allies v. Axis Powers • Allies – Great Britain – France – Soviet Union (after June 1941) – U.S. (after Dec 1941) – Plus many smaller European nations • Axis Powers – Germany – Italy – Japan Theaters of War: Where WWII Was Fought Europe North Africa Atlantic Ocean Asia Pacific HITLER’S WWII PARTNERS India Brazil THE ALLIED POWERS IN WWII The Liberation of Europe • “Europe First” Strategy –Germany, then Japan • Allies push Axis out of North Africa Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox” –Cut off Germany’s oil supply –Chase Rommel through Egypt Battle of Stalingrad • Using the cold weather to their advantage, the Soviets managed to stop Germany’s advance into their country. • Turning point of the war in Europe Stalingrad – Germans violated nonaggression pact with Soviet Union and attacked – Hitler hoped to captured Soviet oil fields – Germans nearly won (controlled 9/10 of the city) – Winter of 1943 hit – Hitler forced Germans to stay put – Soviets used to their advantage and won – Soviets lost 1,100,000 people in this battle Operation Overlord • D-Day: June 6th, 1944 • Invasion of Normandy • Led by General Eisenhower, the Allies landed on the shores of Normandy France to retake France from German control Normandy Invasion • 60 mile stretch of beach – 156,000 troops – 4,000 landing craft – 600 warships – 11,000 planes – Largest land-sea-air operation in history – Omaha beach known as one of the most brutal areas Final Solution • • • • Systematically exterminate the Jews Concentration camps built Shipped in cattle cars to camps. Exterminated in Gas Chambers – Pregnant women, young children, elderly, sick • Able bodied Jews were kept alive • Also gassed homosexuals, disabled, Soviet soldiers, Gypsies, etc. Allies liberate Concentration Camps • Germans were being forced out of the Soviet Union into Poland by the Red Army • Tried to destroy evidence of camps • “Living Skeletons” • Auschwitz: largest death camp • Genocide: systematic killing of a racial, political, or cultural group. • Holocaust: “sacrifice by fire” • • • • Germany’s Last Offensive Effort Hitler was caught between Allied troops coming from the West and Stalin’s forces coming from the East. December 1944: Battle of the Bulge April 25, 1945: Russia and Allied Forces meet at the Elbe River May 8, 1945: Germany Battle of the Bulge • December 16, 1944 • German tanks broke through American lines (80 mile front) • Fought in Belgium - Germany was trying to capture Antwerp • Very brutal - one of the most extensive of U.S. military (120 American GIs captured and mowed down by SS machine guns and pistols) • Germans were winning in the beginning • 120,000 Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 planes – leading to defeat)) • 80,000 Americans died • Americans won, but were close to losing Victory in Europe (V-E Day) and Consequences of War • Hitler commits suicide on April 30th, 1945 • German officers surrender on May 8th, 1945 • Americans rejoice for a brief period, then focus on ending the war in the Pacific against the Japanese • The Holocaust of the Jews in Europe under the Nazis became more real with every concentration camp uncovered during the Allied liberation of Nazi territory War in the Pacific YALTA CONFERENCE (February 1945) • Plans for German surrender • Stalin agrees to hold free elections and help with Japan • Broken promises, USSR’s position strengthened • Initiated Cold War • Set up United Nations Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Yalta – “The Big 3” Allied Military Strategy in the Pacific (1941-1945) • By 1942, Japan had controlled almost the entire area of the Pacific • Allies were able to hold on to Hawaii and Samoa • “Active defense” campaign: -Battle of the Coral Sea (May,1942) -Battle of Midway (June, 1942) -Battle of Guadalcanal (Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943) War in the Pacific • Strategy: Island Hopping/Leapfrogging – the U.S. moved closer to the main islands of Japan with every battle won • Japan’s Military Code of Honor and Kamikazes – dying in war was a glorious death, so Japanese pilots would crash planes into U.S. ships in suicide missions • After V-E Day – Americans feared the loss of life that a homeland invasion of Japan would cause and looked to the Atomic Bomb as an answer. Battle of Coral Sea • The Battle of Coral Sea – Thanks to a broken code, the U.S. destroyed several vital Japanese carriers – Admiral Chester Nimitz led the attack to protect our ally, Australia Navajo Code Talkers • The U.S. Marines recruited 29 Navajos to become code talkers. They used a code that replaced military terms with Navajo words. • They played a key role in the Pacific campaign • The code word for submarine was besh-lo, or “iron fish” in Navajo, while the word for dive-bomber was gini, or “chicken hawk.” Japan was never able to break the Navajo Major Turning Points in the Pacific War • The Battle of Midway – Involved planes trying to sink the other’s battleships; a victory and turning point for the Allies; Japan was now on the defensive! – Turning Point for war in the Pacific • As the U.S. got closer to the main island of Japan, fighting got more brutal as was seen in Okinawa The Pacific Theatre Cont… • The Allies took control of several islands in the Pacific under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur -Iwo Jima (1945) -Okinawa (1945) • The recapture of the Philippines was the highlight (Oct. 1944-March 1945) Iwo Jima & Okinawa • We needed to destroy the perimeter around Japan by taking Okinawa and Iwo Jima • Iwo Jima: – A month long battle, among the bloodiest of the war. 22,000 Japanese troops and 6,800 American troops died. • Okinawa: – Amphibious attack, (sea to land) 100,000 Japanese soldiers and about 12,000 American soldiers died here. Manhattan Project • Scientists with the Manhattan Project developed an atomic bomb and tested it in July 1945. A month later, the United States dropped two bombs on Japanese cities, forcing Japan’s surrender and bringing an end to World War II. • President Truman made the decision to drop the bombs Atomic Bombs • August 6, 1945, 8:15 AM – Little Boy explodes 2000 feet over Hiroshima – 80,000 killed immediately – Most buildings within 1.5 miles of the detonation site destroyed • August 9, 11:02 AM – Fat Man hits Nagasaki – 40,000 killed – Bomb more powerful, but less damage because of geography “The War is Over” • Japan surrenders to Allied Forces • V-J Day – Victory in Japan – August 14, 1945 THE COSTS OF THE WAR • • • • • U.S. lost over 300,000 World suffered at least 60 million Over 25 million Russians alone died Over 10 million in death camps New fears arise after the war– fight to contain Communism– THE COLD WAR ERA!!