Download Treaty of Versailles

Origins of World
War II
(1939-1945)
Treaty of
Versailles
Rise of
Hitler
Nationalism
Rise of
fascism in
Italy
Major Causes
of
World War II
Japanese
expansionism
Economic
depression
Militarism
Appeasement
American
Isolationism
The Road to World War II
-Identify the
characters
- What is this
picture an
example of?
Treaty of Versailles
- Germany punished, this left bitter feelings
-Germany was forced to
-Accept all the blame for the war
-Pay millions in reparations to Britain and France
-Territory divided
- Italy was disappointed that it was denied territory
British
Prime
Minister
George
1914
1919
Italian
Prime
Minister
Orlando
French Prime
Minister
Clemenceau
“Big Four”
U.S.
President
Wilson
Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Rise to power result of
weakness of previous
government
• Charismatic speaker,
preached German
nationalism, denounced
Versailles Treaty
• Blamed Jews and
communists for
Germany’s problems
• Promised return of
German pride
January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming Germany
Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many
Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he
depression years.
March 1936: German troops marched into
the Rhineland and challenged the Treaty
of Versailles.
The Rhineland was a
region of Germany that
was ‘demilitarised’ after
the Treaty of Versailles.
Germany was not
allowed to have troops
in the region.
Hitler’s actions showed
how he was willing to
directly challenge the
treaty.
March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria
Again, this went
against the terms of
the Treaty of
Versailles which
banned Germany
from uniting with
Austria.
However, the arrival
of German troops
was met with great
enthusiasm by many
Austrian people.
March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia
Hitler had ordered the occupation
of a part of Czechoslovakia
known as the Sudetenland (in
October 1938). Many hoped that
that this would be the last
conquest of the Nazis.
However, in March 1939, he
ordered his troops to take over
the remainder of Czechoslovakia.
This was the first aggressive step
that suggested that a war in
Europe would soon begin.
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascism is a totalitarian
form of government
which:
Benito Mussolini
Glorifies the state
Has one leader and one
party
All aspects of society are
controlled by the government
No opposition or protests
are tolerated
Propaganda and censorship
are widely practiced
Benito Mussolini came to
power in 1922 and helped
found the political ideology of
fascism. He sided with the Axis
powers in 1940.
In Germany, depression, unemployment and
hard times led to a dramatic increase in votes
for Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Election date
Votes in
millions
Share
May 20, 1928
0.81
2.6%
September 14, 1930
6.41
18.3%
July 31, 1932
13.75
37.3%
November 6, 1932
11.74
33.1%
March 5, 1933
17.28
43.9%
Voting for Hitler’s party increased as
unemployment rates rose
Worldwide Economic Depression
After WWI many European
economies were unstable.
The boom in the U.S. throughout
the 1920s helped sustain worldwide
trade.
The 1929 stock market crash in
the U.S. and the resulting Great
Depression spread throughout the
world. U.S. restrictive tariff policies
worsened the depression.
As economies plummeted and
unemployment rose, many people
turned to powerful leaders and
governments who promised success
through military buildup and the
conquest of territory.
German breadlines
Japanese children eating
radish roots during famine
Japanese Expansionism
In 1931 Japan
invaded Manchuria for
raw materials.
The same year, Japan
began to attack China,
with full-scale war
breaking out in 1937 in
the Sino-Japanese War.
Sought total control
of Pacific resources
Militarism – Hideki
Tojo
Anti-Communism
Under communism, all
means of production are
controlled by the
government, as are
property, the media, and
all other aspects of society.
The 1930s saw the rise
of many totalitarian
regimes; but most people
chose fascism over
communism.
A Battle for Germany: Nazi
anti-communist book from
1933
Hitler exploited people’s
fear of a communist
takeover in Germany to
rise to power in 1933.
Appeasement
Appeasement is the act of giving
in to an enemy’s demands in
hopes of avoiding further conflict.
In 1938, Hitler demanded that
Czechoslovakia cede the
Sudetenland to Germany. He
claimed that the German
population living there was being
mistreated.
The British and French prime
ministers agreed to Hitler’s
demands without consulting
Czechoslovakian leaders, in the
hopes that this would avoid a war
in Europe.
Appeasement
• 1938- Hitler invades
Austria, Sudetenland on
Czech border
• Munich Conference
(1938): Chamberlain
and Daladier allow Hitler
to do this
(appeasement)
• Chamberlain: “Peace in
our time”
• British rearmament
Militarism
The glorification of war, in
which a nation strengthens its
military and stockpiles
weapons in preparation for
war.
An important aspect of
militarism is that the
glorification of war is
incorporated into all levels of
society, including education of
the nation’s youth.
Militaristic societies have
existed throughout human
history.
Hitler Youth group
Ancient Sparta is an example of a
militaristic society
Nationalism
Nationalism is the
belief in the
superiority of one’s
own nation over all
others.
In the extreme, it
can lead to major
conflicts between
nations.
Hitler, Mussolini, and
Japan’s Tojo each
touted their nation’s
ability to dominate all
others in the years
leading up to WWII.
Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo,
Japanese flag
American Isolationism
Domestic: U.S. in midst of
Great Depression, public intent
on remaining neutral
1935: First Neutrality Act
(no sale of arms to belligerent
nations)
1937: Arm sales only on
“cash and carry” basis
FDR warns of impending
problems
Conflict in Europe seemed
distant, and the U.S. tried to
remain neutral. This policy
weakened the European
democracies.
The Nye Committee held
congressional hearings in the
mid-1930s, concluding that the
U.S. was tricked into entering
WWI by arms manufacturers
and Allied propaganda.
Isolationism in the U.S.
Hitler and
Mussolini
• Economic, military reasons
for neutrality
• Tried to prevent mistakes
that led to WWI involvement
• FDR: “Let no one imagine
that we will escape…that this
western hemisphere will not
be attacked”—outraged
many isolationists
World War II
(1939-1941)
Hitler’s Wild Ride in Europe
While the U.S. Watches
War Erupts!!!
• March 1939- Hitler breaks
Munich agreement,
invades rest of
Czechoslovakia
• August 1939- Hitler signs
nonaggression pact with
rival USSR
German “blitz” of Warsaw
• September 1, 1939“blitzkrieg” invasion of
Poland; Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Hitler Moves in Europe
• Hitler seizes Norway,
Denmark, Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg
• Hitler controls France,
turns attention to Britain
– Puppet Government
– Vichy France
• Fall 1940- Battle of Britain
– London heavily bombed but
Churchill remains defiant
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
The United States and Britain
• 1939- Roosevelt revises
Neutrality Act, allows for
arms trade
• Public opinion divided
• Election of 1940- FDR
wins 3rd term
• Destroyers for Bases:
– called for 50 American
destroyers to be
exchanged for the use of
8 British naval bases
along the North Atlantic
coast
• Lend-Lease Act:
– made it possible to lend or
lease supplies to any
country whose interests
were vital (GB)- $50 billion
United States and Japan
• Japan wanted to extend
influence in Far East
• July 1940: U.S. embargo
of raw materials to Japan
• 1941: Lend-Lease aid to
Japanese attack on
China
Pearl Harbor
• Anticipating attack in the
Philippines
• December 7, 1941: Japan
attacks Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
Images of Pearl Harbor
America Enters War
• Pearl Harbor attack
devastates nation
• FDR: “A date which will
live in infamy”
• December 8, 1941- FDR
receives war declaration
from Congress against
Japan
• Germany, Italy declare
war on United States
FDR addresses Congress after
Pearl Harbor attack
Japanese Internment
• February, 1942: FDR
issues Executive
Order 9066
– Over 100,000
Japanese-Americans
on West Coast moved
to the interior
– Japanese
farms/businesses
bought for far less
value
World War II
Effects on Americans
&
“The Racial Tensions”
Effects on Americans
• Rationing: a system for limiting the distribution
of food, gasoline, and other goods—so the
military could have the weapons, equipment,
and supplies it needed. As a result, life in the
United States would change dramatically.
• The key to the system was the ration book,
which contained coupons that allowed
consumers to buy rationed items, such as
canned goods, sugar, coffee, and dairy
products.
S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!
WPB
• War Productions Board (WPB) - manage
the conversion of industries to military
production
Your Number Was Called!
GIs
• Many young Americans left the comforts of
home to join the military. While they were
in the service, the government provided all
of their food and supplies.
• Those items were often labeled
“government issue,” or GI. Soldiers had GI
soap, GI socks, a GI helmet, and a GI rifle.
For that reason, they began referring to
themselves as GI soldiers, or simply GIs.
The name stuck, and fighting men in all
the armed forces used it proudly.
American Women
Many men had left to serve
in the military over seas.
To fill the void of absent
male workers, women took
many industrial jobs.
They worked in shipyards
and other heavy industries.
Who can tell us who “Rosie
the Riveter” was ?
No New Dresses for a While
US leaders realized that women could
serve in many of the roles of male
soldiers.
Congress created an military unit of
female clerks, nurses, and pilots
known as the Women’s Army Corps
or “WACs.”
This unit was the first of its kind.
For the first time in US history,
females were officially admitted into
the military.
Women often faced hostility on
the job, even though the were
doing their part to help
America win the war.
Women still received less pay
than men did for the same
work.
Most women had to care for
children and homes after their
work shift ended.
Japanese Americans
When the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor occurred, many
Americans were afraid that the
Japanese would soon invade
America.
President Roosevelt quickly
signed a proclamation declaring
all people of Japanese descent
to be “enemy aliens.”
All of these “enemy aliens” had
to register with the US
government and carry special
IDs.
The US government began to relocate
Japanese descendants to internment
camps in the central states of America.
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066
which declared large areas of the US as
military zones off-limits to Japanese
Americans.
These individuals were then evacuated
from such zones, and forced into
internment camps.
However, these Japanese Americans
were US citizens and this relocation
violated their Constitutional rights.
One Japanese American citizen
was arrested because he refused
to leave his home.
Fred Korematsu appealed his
arrest charges to the Supreme
Court.
Korematsu v United States
- Mr. Korematsu sued the
government for violating his
rights as a US citizen.
The Supreme Court upheld his
conviction on the grounds that
one’s civil rights can be set aside
in a time of war.
African Americans
The US was fighting in Europe in the
name of Democracy against Nazi
Germany.
The Nazis were guilty of practicing
racism against European Jews.
However, African Americans in the
US were still feeling the racism of
white Americans.
Black leaders called for an American
war against racism on two fronts.
The Double V Campaign was an
effort to win a victory for democracy
in Europe and in America.
Segregated
Units
Racism still had a strong
foothold in the US military.
Early in WW2, the military
refused to accept any African
Americans.
Black leaders pressed the US
government to end military
discrimination, and in time
began to allow blacks the
opportunity to serve and
become officers.
Who can tell us about the
Tuskegee Airmen?
The Tuskegee Airmen were
the first all black combat
pilots in the US military.
They trained in Tuskegee
Alabama.
They flew fighter planes that
escorted and protected Allied
bombers.
Their unit has the distinction
of never losing a bomber
during WW2.
Jewish Americans
Many European Jews escaped
Nazi occupied Europe and
attempted to reach the safety
of Allied shores.
The ship St. Louis carried
many of these refugees to
Cuba and then to America.
They were refused entry at
both counties.
The ship had no choice but to
return to Europe, where most
of the refugees were recaptured and soon died at
the hands of Nazis.
Jewish Americans often heard the
tragic tales of Nazi oppression of their
Jewish relatives.
They soon pressured the US
government to act.
Although Hitler was exterminating
Jews in a systematic way, it wasn’t
until 1944 that Roosevelt acted.
He issued an executive order creating
the War Refugee Board.
The War Refugee Board was an agency
that relocated escaped Jews to centers
in Italy, North Africa, and former Army
camps in the US.
Mexican Americans
Just like other Americans,
Mexican Americans did their
part in fighting WW2.
However, many Hispanic
civilians remained victims of
racial tensions at home.
Many Mexican Americans of
that time wore “Zoot Suits.”
The common notion was that
any Hispanic wearing a “Zoot
Suit” was a gang member.
This notion led to violent acts
of racism against many
Mexican Americans.
In eastern California, Hispanics
often lived in “barrios” close to
Naval Stations.
Relations between Mexican
Americans and servicemen from
these stations was hostile.
In the summer of 1943, the “Zoot
Suit Riot” erupted between
Hispanics and US servicemen
because of the clothing worn by
the Mexican Americans.
The local police broke up the riots
after several nights, but the only
people they arrested were the
Hispanics.
Allied Military Strategy
(1941-1945)
Allies v. Axis Powers
• Allies
– Great Britain
– France
– Soviet Union (after June 1941)
– U.S. (after Dec 1941)
– Plus many smaller European nations
• Axis Powers
– Germany
– Italy
– Japan
Theaters of War: Where WWII Was Fought
Europe
North
Africa
Atlantic
Ocean
Asia
Pacific
HITLER’S
WWII
PARTNERS
India
Brazil
THE ALLIED
POWERS IN
WWII
The Liberation of Europe
• “Europe First” Strategy
–Germany, then Japan
• Allies push Axis out of
North Africa
Erwin Rommel,
the “Desert Fox”
–Cut off Germany’s oil
supply
–Chase Rommel through
Egypt
Battle of Stalingrad
• Using the cold weather
to their advantage, the
Soviets managed to
stop Germany’s
advance into their
country.
• Turning point of the
war in Europe
Stalingrad
– Germans violated nonaggression pact with
Soviet Union and attacked
– Hitler hoped to captured Soviet oil fields
– Germans nearly won (controlled 9/10 of the
city)
– Winter of 1943 hit
– Hitler forced Germans to stay put
– Soviets used to their advantage and won
– Soviets lost 1,100,000 people in this battle
Operation Overlord
• D-Day: June 6th, 1944
• Invasion of Normandy
• Led by General
Eisenhower, the Allies
landed on the shores of
Normandy France to
retake France from
German control
Normandy Invasion
• 60 mile stretch of beach
– 156,000 troops
– 4,000 landing craft
– 600 warships
– 11,000 planes
– Largest land-sea-air operation in history
– Omaha beach known as one of the most
brutal areas
Final Solution
•
•
•
•
Systematically exterminate the Jews
Concentration camps built
Shipped in cattle cars to camps.
Exterminated in Gas Chambers
– Pregnant women, young children, elderly, sick
• Able bodied Jews were kept alive
• Also gassed homosexuals, disabled, Soviet
soldiers, Gypsies, etc.
Allies liberate Concentration
Camps
• Germans were being forced out of the Soviet
Union into Poland by the Red Army
• Tried to destroy evidence of camps
• “Living Skeletons”
• Auschwitz: largest death camp
• Genocide: systematic killing of a racial,
political, or cultural group.
• Holocaust: “sacrifice by fire”
•
•
•
•
Germany’s Last Offensive Effort
Hitler was caught
between Allied troops
coming from the West
and Stalin’s forces
coming from the East.
December 1944: Battle
of the Bulge
April 25, 1945: Russia
and Allied Forces meet at
the Elbe River
May 8, 1945: Germany
Battle of the Bulge
• December 16, 1944
• German tanks broke through American lines (80 mile
front)
• Fought in Belgium - Germany was trying to capture
Antwerp
• Very brutal - one of the most extensive of U.S.
military (120 American GIs captured and mowed
down by SS machine guns and pistols)
• Germans were winning in the beginning
• 120,000 Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and guns
and 1,600 planes – leading to defeat))
• 80,000 Americans died
• Americans won, but were close to losing
Victory in Europe (V-E Day) and
Consequences of War
• Hitler commits suicide on April 30th, 1945
• German officers surrender on May 8th,
1945
• Americans rejoice for a brief period, then
focus on ending the war in the Pacific
against the Japanese
• The Holocaust of the Jews in Europe
under the Nazis became more real with
every concentration camp uncovered
during the Allied liberation of Nazi territory
War in the
Pacific
YALTA CONFERENCE
(February 1945)
• Plans for German
surrender
• Stalin agrees to hold
free elections and
help with Japan
• Broken promises,
USSR’s position
strengthened
• Initiated Cold War
• Set up United Nations
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Yalta – “The Big 3”
Allied Military Strategy in the
Pacific (1941-1945)
• By 1942, Japan had controlled almost the
entire area of the Pacific
• Allies were able to hold on to Hawaii and
Samoa
• “Active defense” campaign:
-Battle of the Coral Sea (May,1942)
-Battle of Midway (June, 1942)
-Battle of Guadalcanal (Aug. 1942-Feb.
1943)
War in the Pacific
• Strategy: Island Hopping/Leapfrogging
– the U.S. moved closer to the main islands of
Japan with every battle won
• Japan’s Military Code of Honor and
Kamikazes
– dying in war was a glorious death, so Japanese
pilots would crash planes into U.S. ships in
suicide missions
• After V-E Day
– Americans feared the loss of life that a homeland
invasion of Japan would cause and looked to the
Atomic Bomb as an answer.
Battle of Coral Sea
• The Battle of Coral Sea
– Thanks to a broken
code, the U.S.
destroyed several vital
Japanese carriers
– Admiral Chester Nimitz
led the attack to protect
our ally, Australia
Navajo Code Talkers
• The U.S. Marines recruited 29 Navajos to
become code talkers. They used a code
that replaced military terms with Navajo
words.
• They played a key role in the Pacific
campaign
• The code word for submarine was besh-lo,
or “iron fish” in Navajo, while the word for
dive-bomber was gini, or “chicken hawk.”
Japan was never able to break the Navajo
Major Turning Points in the Pacific
War
• The Battle of Midway
– Involved planes trying to sink the other’s
battleships; a victory and turning point for the
Allies; Japan was now on the defensive!
– Turning Point for war in the Pacific
• As the U.S. got closer to the main island of
Japan, fighting got more brutal as was seen
in Okinawa
The Pacific Theatre Cont…
• The Allies took control of
several islands in the Pacific
under the leadership of
General Douglas MacArthur
-Iwo Jima (1945)
-Okinawa (1945)
• The recapture of the
Philippines was the highlight
(Oct. 1944-March 1945)
Iwo Jima & Okinawa
• We needed to destroy the perimeter
around Japan by taking Okinawa and Iwo
Jima
• Iwo Jima:
– A month long battle, among the bloodiest of
the war. 22,000 Japanese troops and 6,800
American troops died.
• Okinawa:
– Amphibious attack, (sea to land) 100,000
Japanese soldiers and about 12,000
American soldiers died here.
Manhattan Project
• Scientists with the Manhattan Project
developed an atomic bomb and tested it in
July 1945. A month later, the United
States dropped two bombs on Japanese
cities, forcing Japan’s surrender and
bringing an end to World War II.
• President Truman made the decision to
drop the bombs
Atomic Bombs
• August 6, 1945, 8:15 AM
– Little Boy explodes 2000
feet over Hiroshima
– 80,000 killed immediately
– Most buildings within 1.5
miles of the detonation site
destroyed
• August 9, 11:02 AM
– Fat Man hits Nagasaki
– 40,000 killed
– Bomb more powerful, but
less damage because of
geography
“The War is Over”
• Japan surrenders
to Allied Forces
• V-J Day
– Victory in Japan
– August 14, 1945
THE COSTS OF THE WAR
•
•
•
•
•
U.S. lost over 300,000
World suffered at least 60 million
Over 25 million Russians alone died
Over 10 million in death camps
New fears arise after the war– fight to
contain Communism– THE COLD
WAR ERA!!