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World War II—How much do you know? • What happened on December 7, 1941? • What Dutch girl wrote about her life before she died in the Auschwitz concentration camp? • What happened on June 6, 1944? • On what Japanese city was the first atomic bomb dropped? • What happened to local JapaneseAmericans in World War II? Chapter 16: Dictators Threaten World Peace 1922-1941: A preview of tonight’s homework Mussolini, Italy, 1922 His goal? Restore the glory of the Roman Empire—seeks Mare Nostrum: “Our Sea,” or control of the Mediterranean region Hitler, Nazi Germany, 1933 Goals? • Create a German Empire • Destroy communism and European Jews • Avenge Germany’s humiliation in the Versailles Peace Treaty What had the Versailles Treaty (1919) done to defeated Germany? Territory lost: Military limitations • 100,000-man army • No air force • Sufficient navy for coastal defense only Reparations (payments to the Allies) • Germany owed $33 billion in war damages • $353,242,769,383 in 2005 dollars—a third of a trillion • That was 340 times Germany’s total income in 1921 Postwar inflation cripples Germany • Caused by a surge in demand combined with war-wrecked production and the government’s decision to print paper money to help pay the reparations • A loaf of bread was worth .63 deutschmarks in 1920… When inflation peaks In 1923, a loaf of bread will cost… 201 billion deutschmarks! 4.3 trillion deutschmarks… Got you one of these: Here’s $5: A 1924 20 millionmark bill Good news: The inflation ended Bad News: That’s because the Great Depression collapsed wages and consumer prices The boy in this photograph is starving to death It is now—1933—when Hitler will come to power… Hitler was a brilliant communicator • It’s difficult today for us to understand how easily and skillfully he could move a crowd— it’s a “you had to be there” experience. • What impact do you think this film clip was intended to have? Who was its intended audience? How were the workers you just saw… …Similar to those in the WPA or the CCC? What differences did you sense in the German film clip? Remember how skillfully FDR used the radio? • Hitler, too, was a master of the new medium. But listen to the difference in the two speakers… Mussolini and Hitler are Fascists Fascists are dedicated to… 1. Absolute dictatorship--totalitarianism 2. Private ownership, but an economy dedicated to needs of the military 3. Military conquest 4. The militarization of society--a “nation in uniform” 5. Destroying communism Stalin, the Soviet Union, 1924 • His goal is to make Russia (since 1928, called the Soviet Union) an economic and military superpower—the U.S. fears he’ll spread communism The Japanese Army, 1927 • They begin to dominate a government dedicated to conquering an empire in the western Pacific The United States? • We are still deep in the Depression, so most Americans favor isolationism— staying out of world affairs But, in 1937, Japan invades China… • Hitler has built a powerful army and air force; Italy has invaded Ethiopia, Fascists allied with Hitler are leading a revolt in democratic Spain FDR becomes concerned… …and begins to carefully lead America toward intervention, fearful for the future of democracy His first step… • Is to call for a “quarantine” of aggressor nations—to “quarantine” is, for example, to isolate someone infected with a communicable disease. • In FDR’s speech, which you’ll read, he’ll call for stopping trade as a way to isolate, or quarantine nations like Germany and Japan