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World War I “The War to End All Wars” 1914 - 1918 World Leaders (sp) Long Terms Causes Allies Triple Alliance/Central Powers Archduke Franz Ferdinand Immediate Cause of the War Schlieffen Plan (sp) Trench Warfare – American Foreign Policy British Blockade German U-Boats – No Man’s Land Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Lusitania: 5/7/1915 1916 Election Zimmerman Note Why the US Enters the War: 4/6/1917 Wilson’s War Aim American Militarism Selective Service Act, 1917 African American Troops Convoy System General John Pershing Conscientious Objector Germany’s Collapse Cease Fire US Home Front Food Administration – War Bonds Committee of Public Information – Victory Gardens George Creel Anti-War Espionage & Sedition Act Schenk v. USA, 1919 (sp) Great Migration Women Wilson’s Peace Plan League of Nations The Big Four Treaty of Versailles, 1919 – Terms • Reparations • War Guilt Clause Weaknesses of the Treaty (sp) Congress Rejects the Treaty League of Nations is Weak Post War Germany Isolationism Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Leaders Woodrow Wilson: President of the USA Kaiser Wilhelm II: German leader President Poincare: French leader Victor Emmanuel: Leader of Italy King George V: King of England Franz Josef: Leader of Austria-Hungary Czar Nicholas II: Czar of Russia – Will be removed from power – V. Lenin will be the leader of the Soviet Union World Leaders Germany: – Kaiser Wilhelm II England – King George V Russia – Beginning: Czar Nicholas II – End: V. Lenin USA – President Wilson Militarism Alliance System Building up of militaries Taking Sides - secretly “MAIN” Causes Long Term Causes of WWI Nationalism Pride in one’s nation; National pride Imperialism Taking territories - colonies Immediate Cause of WWI “The Spark” The Balkans were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 – The Balkans known as the “Powder Keg of Europe Serbia encouraging rejection of their reign – Resentful of A-H To drum up support for the A-H Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the A-H throne, visited the area – Assassinated by Gavrilo Principe The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip 1,2,3,4…Let’s Declare War!! July 28, 1914 Expansive alliance system brought many countries into war 7/28/14: A-H declares war on Serbia (a quick little war) Russia declares war of A-H 7/29/14, protecting the Serbs (allies) Germany declares war of Russia 8/1/14, & France the next day Great Britain declares war on A-H & Germany to help their allies – Frenchy Within days, all of central Europe has been brought into war The war has begun! Soldiers Mobilized 14 12 Millions 10 8 6 4 2 0 France Germany Russia Britain Teams Allies: “The Good Guys” France, Great Britain, Russia Later the US in, Russia out due to Revolution Triple Alliance AKA – The Central Powers: “The Bad Guys” Germany, AustriaHungary & the Ottoman Empire 1916 Election Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins the election His campaign slogan was “He Kept Us Out of War” Ran against Charles Hughes who did not want to treat Germany as harsh as most Americans want to 1914: WWI Begins 1917: US Gets Involved April 6, 1917 The US remains Neutral, but still trades with both sides The US enters the war on the side of the Allies Reasons the US Got Involved in WWI England blockaded Germany’s coastline US supplies rarely made it to their destination – Causes fertilizer & food shortages: 750,000 Germans will die as a result of the blockade! Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Aggressive German tactics – UBoats attacked & sank many ships – U-Boats: German subs – Harsh b/c no way to warn the crew, exploited by the Yellow Press Germany will be seen as the “bully of Europe” as a result of this practice Zimmerman Note German Telegram to the ambassador to Mexico Suggested a German-Mexican Alliance if the US gets involved in the war Germany promises Mexico the return of all land lost during the Mexican-American War! Germany wants Mexico to attack the US from the south & west US Enters the War: 4/6/1917 Aggressive German tactics (unrestricted submarine warfare) Zimmerman Note Russia pulls out of war in 1917 After Russian Revolution, Russia leaves the war – leaves the Allies weak! Wilson’s (US) War Aim: Make the World Safe for Democracy Schlieffen Plan German plan of attack – Named after Count Alfred von Schlieffen 2 part plan – Holding pattern against Russia – Attack France via Belgium Created 2 theaters of war – Western Front & Eastern Front August, 1914 Trench Warfare Trenches were dug to house fighting soldiers Stretched across the European countryside Very bloody warfare over yards of land – During the battle of the Somme, the British lost 60,000! Inconclusive warfare due to stalemates No Man’s Land: Area between opposing trenches – Craters, mines – you did not want to be there! Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land” U-Boats German submarines Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German U-Boats will sink (did sink) any ship in British waters U-Boats Lusitania British liner sunk by German UBoats 128 Americans died Seen as organized murder Public opinion of Germany is negative Germany defends itself by claiming their were munitions hidden aboard Long Term Cause for American entry into the war After the discovery of the downed ship, it was learned there were munitions hidden aboard, as Germany claimed! The Sinking of the Lusitania Unrestricted submarine warfare Jan. 31, 1917 – Germany announces to the world that their submarines would sink any ship found in the waters around Britain. The Housatonic - Feb. 3, 1917 US cargo ship torpedoed & sunk without warning American Militarism When war was declared, only 200,000 men in military, 55 planes & 130 pilots – Very outdated weapons! Massive build up of US armed forces – Trained with pretend weapons due to shortage Selective Service Act, 1917: Draft – Over 10,000 registered – Average age of European soldier is 22 African Americans Large numbers joined the military – Prove their worth (as if they had to) Served in segregated units 1st African American military officers 389th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hellfighters): Saw the most frontline combat – Henry Johnson & Needham Roberts received the highest French military honor “Croix de Cuerre” (Cross of War) – Not even recognized by the US – Progressive Presidents did squat for African Americans! Convoy System Conceived by British Admiral William Sims Merchants ships would travel in a group of military ships for protection from German U-Boats Ships loss down 50% Germans will start using sea mines Barrier of mines across the North Sea – Still some floating around today! The Convoy System Merchant vessels and warships traveling together in great numbers for safety General John Pershing Leader of US troops in Europe US troops were being used as replacements & were told to fight under the flag of another country! American troops were often called doughboys because of their uniforms Insisted US fight under own flag – “I will not parcel out our American boys!” Wanted to make sure the US had a strong voice at the peace talks when the war ended Americans in the Trenches New Weapons • WWI is the 1st mechanized war (using modern machines & equipment) • Contributed to the high casualty rate New Weapons Reliance on machines with diesel & gas powered engines – Mechanized warfare Big Bertha, German cannon launching 1,800 lb shells 9 miles Machine guns: 600 rounds/minute Poison Gas: Mustard Gas – Leads to the invention of the gas masks Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun French Renault Tank British Tank at Ypres The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant Medic!! Trenches full of diseases: Dysentery Lice, rats, sewage & corpses Trench Foot: Feet would rot due to wet conditions Shell Shock: Emotional collapse Ypres The 1st use of poison gas in wartime (used by the Germans first) War Is HELL !! Turning Point of WWI US entry into WWI is the turning point – We provided fresh soldiers, economic & military aid, & war goods by increasing industrial production Mutiny among German soldiers Citizens in Berlin rebel, declared Republic of Germany Kaiser abdicated the throne – Stepped down There is no decisive battle German war machine & economy run out of steam War of attrition Cease Fire Germany agreed to a cease fire on Nov. 11, 1918 Ends the fighting 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month Celebration in the streets of Paris 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 Toll of War 30 nations involved Bloodiest war to date 37.5 million casualties – 50% due to disease & starvation – Just over ½ of all men didn’t return home USA suffered 364,000 casualties US troops burying American Soldiers in France 10 million refugees Cost $186+ billion Toll of War Russian Soldier Belgian Refugees French Cemetery at Verdun European Ruins World War I Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Russia Germany Austria-Hungary France Great Britain Italy Turkey US 14 Points Wilson’s peace plan – created before was ended 1st 5 points dealt with the long term causes of WWI – – – – Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Made boundary changes in Europe League of Nations: the 14th Point – Creation of an International Peacekeeping Organization – Addressing diplomatic issues that could bring about war Treaty of Versailles: 1919 Official end to WWI Created 9 new European countries – Many boundary changes & different nationalities now mixed together “The Big 4” attended: Italy, France, USA, & Great Britain Terms of the Treaty Polish Corridor created – Germany lost valuable sea port to the new country of Poland Demilitarized Germany – can’t raise an army Reparations: Germany must pay Allies war damages War Guilt Clause: Germany had to take full responsibility for the war Weaknesses of the Treaty Germany humiliated: Other European countries provoked the war too Ignored the Soviet Union & the Bolsheviks: Fought for 3 years; highest casualty rate & lost the most land, which they were determined to regain Germany stripped of it Pacific colonies to repay debt Ignored problems of SE Asia (Vietnam) Congress Rejects the Treaty Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles – Afraid the League of Nations would drag us into another European war Wilson fails to empathize with European anger – Too easy on Germany Wilson gave up the 14 Points to get the League of Nations Weak League of Nations The US never joined the League of Nations or ratified the Treaty Senator Henry Cabbot Lodge led vote against League of Nations & Treaty The League had no muscle power US signed separate treaty with Germany in 1921 Treaty weaknesses will cause problems in the future!! USSR not involved • Escalates to the Cold War between the USA & USSR - Increases distrust/tensions between the 2 countries • Germany can’t repay war debts & goes into a severe economic depression - Leads to the rise of Hitler - promised Germany a way out of the depression - promised to restore Germanys’ proud name & reunite the German people - raised an army • Escalates to the Vietnam War, in which Vietnam fights to gain independence from France - The US steps in & gets bogged down in war Issues with Germany Ignored problems in Vietnam Germany After the War Media strictly censored 1923 depression; loss of jobs & worthless money was used for heat Germany blamed its hardships on the Jews & other “undesirables” – Used as a scapegoat – Hitler blames the Jews & the Weimer Republic Gov’t. was a very weak republic Hitler won control of Germany & started new militaristic practices America’s Home Front Wilson controls the economy – Mobilizing the economy to produce goods for the war Gov’t. Controls: The Gov’t. controlled what was being made – Limited production to war machines Skirts & heels shorter “Gasless Sundays” & Lightless Nights” Day Light Savings Adopted Paying for War $33 billion toward the war effort – 1/3 raised through taxes! War Bonds: Raise money for war effort – Liberty Bonds – After war, get your $ back, plus interest Only a friend of Germany would refuse to buy them! Food Administration Asked people to conserve food – No rationing in WWI Meatless, Wheatless, Sweetless & porkless days “Gospel of the Clean Plate” Food shipments to the Allies tripled Victory Gardens: Home gardens Farmers producing more Food shipment to the Allies tripled Committee of Public Information Propaganda agency to boost support for the war George Creel: Head of the CPI – Former muckraker “How War Came to America” printed in many different languages – Explained Wilson’s war aim 4-Minute Men: Trained to deliver a patriotic propaganda speech at any given time – Draft, war, gardens – 7.5 million speeches during the war Have You a Red Cross Service Flag? Anti-German Fever German immigrants tarred & feathered No Mozart or Bach German language not taught, books removed from libraries German Measles: Liberty Measles Sauerkraut: Liberty Cabbage Hamburger: Liberty Sandwich Daschunds: Liberty Pups Women’s Work Taking the place of men in society – Cab drivers, brick layers, RxR workers, making weapons, police, farming, etc. Red Cross encouraged sales of war bonds & victory gardens Wilson formally recognized their efforts after the war (19th Amend.) Nurses – 1918 Flu epidemic – 500,000 dead in US The Great Migration African Americans moved to Northern cities – Hoping to avoid racial discrimination – Promised higher paying & better jobs – Cotton crop had been ruined – Ford opened his plant to African Americans • 1st to do so More job opportunities because less immigrants Lived in crowded urban neighborhoods Black owned businesses catered to the African American community Espionage & Sedition Acts June 1917 Illegal (unpatriotic) to interfere with the war effort – Ex: draft, sale of war bonds, or speak negatively about US leaders – Violated the 1st Amendment! – Since we don’t like immigrants, it gives us a reason to deport Schenk v. USA, 1919 Richard Schenk encouraged people to avoid the draft - arrested Set limits on freedom of speech Clear & Present Danger: Speech that puts the US in danger Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Isolationism Not getting involved in foreign disputes American foreign policy after WWI Bibliography www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone.index.shtml www.firstworldwar.com