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1939-1945 Worldwide military conflict 2 Main Conflicts: Japan in Asia, Germany in Europe An estimated 40-60 million people died (technological advancements) Civilian populations as targets 56 Nations involved Two “Super Powers” emerge: U.S. and Soviet Union Japan aims to be richest nation in the worldinvades Manchuria 1931-2 then China’s capitol 1937 Germany- Nazi rise to power fueled by resentments over Treaty of Versailles Italy- Fascist dictator Mussolini seized power in 1922, invaded Ethiopia 1935 Spain- Francisco Franco is supported by Hitler in Spanish Civil War Soviet Union- Led by Joseph Stalin, first an ally of Germany, then invaded by Germany in 1941 Britain & France allied against the “Axis” powers Americans are strongly opposed to involvement France falls to Nazi army June 1940 Lend-Lease Act provides limitless supply of arms ($50 billion) Sept. 1940 peacetime draft (1.2 million troops, 800,000 reserves/year) June 1941 Hitler invades Soviet Union Aug. 1941 Atlantic Charter (post-war plans including self-determination & security) 9/27/1940, Japan officially joins “Axis Alliance” Japan aims to conquer all of SE Asia Roosevelt freezes Japanese assets and cuts off oil after Japan invades Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) demands Japan withdraw from China Dec. 7, 1941 Japan responds by attacking Pearl Harbor Destroyed 200 American planes, badly damaged Pacific fleet 2,400 Americans dead, 1,200 wounded Same day Japan struck U.S. bases in Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island Dec. 11 1941, US declared war against Axis powers Primary focus became PRODUCTION Numerous agencies emerge under the War Powers Act to sell the war and prevent subversion of the war effort War cost- $250 million/day New Deal agencies vanished, unemployment plummeted War effort created largest economic boom in the history of any nation Federal government begins spending vast amounts of money on defense related production 17 million new jobs created, gains distributed unevenly American workers were 2x as productive as the Germans, 5x the Japanese Government investments in the military benefited and transformed many regions…..these regions became reliant on defense production Large numbers of women and minorities joined the workforce in newly opened positions Strikers and labor unions gained power before the war by having the upper hand in negotiations…labor demand American farmers couldn’t keep up with international demand or domestic market Food, gas and clothing rationed by government = everyone was affected by the war Diet changes, packaged meals (Kraft mac and cheese) Marriages skyrocketed and divorces set records Housing shortages (post-war housing boom) Childcare became a problem with both parents working, dropout rates increased Fear of Japanese invasion and suspected loyalty of Japanese Americans led to the worst violation of civil liberties during the war. Financial assets of 1st generation Japanese American’s frozen 12/8/1941 112,000 people were forced to relocate to internment camps, some for up to 4 years Many families received no more than 1 week notice to close businesses and homes Internment camps located in Western military areas, small rooms, army cots, no lights, stoves or washrooms, “American concentration camps” Formal apology and reparations given in 1988 Topaz, Utah Airplanes and tanks gave mobility and firepower = mobile war Two-way radios transmission and other improvements in communication Sub-sinking destroyers, landing craft and amphibious vehicles, trucks and jeeps Chemical and nuclear weapons Allies on defensive until 1942 1942 Allies invade N. Africa, later Italy, then plan for France Allies win major victories in France, Italy , Tunisia, Egypt, Belgium, and Soviet Union 6 months after Pearl Harbor Allies begin to regain military superiority in Pacific, “island hopping” http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_alliances_animated_map.gif Famous figures: General Douglas MacArthur in Pacific, Dwight Eisenhower and George Patton in Europe U.S. government released little info during the war Major news sources treated killings as minor news items Government resisted intervention, thought it a diversion of valuable resources Killed 6 million Jews, and millions of other “inferior races” Unconditional surrender Europe: Italy surrendered Sept. 8 1943 Bombing of German cities -> several hundred thousand civilian deaths Hitler commits suicide & Germany surrenders VE Day May 8, 1945 Asia: MAJOR bombing campaign, Tokyo & others Soviet plan to join fighting in Pacific Atomic bombs (justified?) Aug. 6 1945 Hiroshima, Aug. 9 Nagasaki VJ Day Aug. 14 1945