Download World War II

World War II
Section 1
From Appeasement to War
Japan’s Expansion into Asia
1931- took Manchuria
League of Nations protested, but was
powerless…Japan withdraws from LON
1937- full scale invasion of China
Ease of Japan’s conquest in Asia
inspired Italy and Germany
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia
1935- Italy invades Ethiopia
LON-sanctions against Italy, but no
power to enforce
1936- Italy had conquered Ethiopia
1936-Italy formally annexes of Ethiopia
Hitler Breaks the Treaty
Hitler inspired by Japanese and Italian expansion
1-remiliitarized Germany
2-Sent troops to Rhineland (3/36) (demilitarized
zone) bordering France
*Western democracies denounced Hitler, but chose
the policy of appeasement
US passed the Neutrality Acts
10/1936- Hitler and Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin AxisAxis Powers
Hitler Breaks Treaty of Versailles
Spanish Civil War
Loyalist were supported by the Soviet Union
Nationalists were supported by Germany and
Italy…win the War
Spain headed by Fascist dictator Francisco
Franco
Spanish Civil War (test run for WWII)
German Aggression Continues
Austria
Hitler wanted more living space for Germans,
and the “Aryan race” had the right to conquer
the inferior races
1938- bullied Austrian chancellor to appoint
Nazis to key government posts
3/1938- sent troops and proclaimed it part of
Germany…Anschluss was created
Western Democracies- no action
German Aggression Continues
Czechoslovakia
Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland
(region in W. Czech) be annexed
The Munich Conference
9/1938- GB and France again chose appeasement
Gave Hilter the Sudetenland if he promised no further expansion
plans
Compromise:
• Germany gets Sudetenland
– Respect Czech sovereignty
Chamberlain- “peace in our time”
Churchill- “war or dishonor”…”chose dishonor, they will have
war”
3/15/1939- Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
West Prepared for war---promised to protect Poland
Nazi-Soviet Pact
8/23/1939- Nazi-Soviet Pact
Not to fight eachother and to divide Poland
and Eastern Europe between them
Nazi-Soviet Pact
9/1/39- Germany Invaded Poland
9/3/39- GB and France declared war on Germany
WWII had begun
Section 2
THE AXIS ADVANCES
Hitler Looks to the West
9/1/1939- German Luftwaffe targets Poland
using Blitzkrieg or “Lighting War”
Blitzkreig
1- Air force bombings and dive bombers
2- Fast-moving tanks and troops move in
Germany attacked the west, while the Soviets
attacked from the east…within weeks Polan
ceased to exist
GB and France who declared war on 9/3
could do nothing to help Poland
The Invasion of Scandinavia
While the French and British waited behind
the Maginot Line…
4/1940- Germany’s Blitzkrieg took Denmark
Norway
5/1940- German takes the Netherlands and
Belgium
Meanwhile in GB- Chamberlain stepped down,
and Winston Churchill became the new Prime
Minister
MAP
Miracle of Dunkirk
French, British and Belgian troops
were trapped in the NW corner of
France
Hitler halts his forces
(inexplicably)
May 26, 1940-850 vessel armada
rescues the 300,000 troops and takes
them safely to Britain
Under constant air and ground
attacks
Rescue raises British morale
The Fall of France
Germany sweeps into France and on June 14
take Paris
June 22, 1940- Hitler forces the French to
sign surrender documents in the same railway
car used to sign the armistice in WWI
France signs armistice with Germany
Germany occupies the north while a “pupper
government” (Vichy) is set up in the south
Some French officers escape to England
(Charles de Gaulle) to work on a resistance
Battle of Britain
All that stood in the way of western domination for Hitler was
Churchill and GB
Hitler thought GB would seek peace…he was wrong
Hitler launched Operation Sea Lion- the invasion of Britain
Massive airstrikes on the island (8/1940)
The Blitz (9/1940)-bombing of Britain
6/1941- Britain had not fallen as the Luftwaffe failed to
dominate the airs over Britain
Battle of Britain
Eastern Europe and Africa
While Hitler dominated Europe, Mussolini
pushed in North Africa and the Balkins
(7/10/1940- Italy declares war on GB and
France)
By 4/11/1941- Axis had pushed Allies out of
Yugoslavia, Greece and Libya
Led by Ger. Erwin Rommel
***By 1941- the Axis powers or their allies
controlled most of Europe***
Germany Invades the Soviet Union
Due to failed attempt at GB, Hitler looked to
S.U. for his expansion…turns out to be a
costly mistake
6/1941- Massive invasion of S.U. begins
(surprised Stalin)- Operation Barbarossa
Made motives clear- RESOURCES and crushing
Communism
3 million troop invasion
The unprepared Soviets lost 2.5 million
Scorched Earth Policy (Stalin)- If Germans force a
retreat, destroy everything
Germany Invades the Soviet Union
By Nov 1941 Germany controlled 40%
of the Soviet population
Dec. 1941- Germany began an assault
on Leningrad attacking Moscow
As the Nazi invasion stalled, the winter
of 1941 set in…Moscow and Leningrad
would not fall
Japanese Expansion
Japan seized opportunity to take European colonies
in Asia
Dutch East Indies and French Indo-China
GB fled Singapore
Invaded Indo China
Established “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”new order
Asians were happy to get Europeans out
US Response
Put embargo on the scrap iron
Japanese Expansion- con’t
Tripartite Pact
Germany, Italy and Japan
• 9/1940
• Right to every nation to “receive space to
which it is entitled”
• Cooperate with goals and aid if attacked
Anglo-American Cooperation
Leading up to WWII American government stressed neutrality
FDR- worried by German expansion felt GB and France could
not stop Germany alone
After Dunkirk, US gave GB 50 destroyers
Cash and Carry Policies- Cash for needed supplies (GB running
out of money)
Lend-Lease- President can lend war equipment to any country
vital to US security
Pearl Harbor
US demands Japan to withdraw from Indochina and
China
Embargo on oil and froze Japanese assets in US
War with US
US stands in way of expansion
Key to success against US was to destroy the American
Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor
• US and other Japanese though Pearl Harbor would be safe
from attack (Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto disagreed
Pearl Harbor- con’t
Dec. 7, 1941- attack on Pearl Harbor
19 ships, 2400 people killed
Fortunately for US- aircraft carriers were at seas
and escaped attack
Dec. 8- US declares war on Japan
Pearl Harbor
Japanese American Backlash
Executive Order 9066
The Nazi Order
Hitler hoped for “New Order”
Nazis rule Europe
Enslave conquered people and force them
to work for the “Master Race”
Master Race
Exterminate “undesirable elements”
• Jews and Slavs, etc…
The Holocaust
July 1941- implemented plan for
extermination of Jews (“Final Solution”)
Millions rounded up and taken to
Concentration Camps (Dachau and
Auschwitz)
6 million Jews murdered
6 million Slavs and Gypsies
The Allies
Dec. 11, 1941- Germany and Italy honor
Tripartite Pact and declare war on US
GB backs US and declares war on Japan
Stalin pleads for a second front to take
pressure off of Soviets
Allies postponed invasion of Europe
Set sites on North Africa and the Mediterranean
The Allies
Section 3
The Allies Turn the Tide
The Soviet Offensive
July 1942- things going badly for Soviets- full
retreat
Germans approaching Stalingrad
Soviet counterattack and encircled Germans
• Soviets and winter cause German surrender in February
1943
*Major turning point in war- broke the back of the Nazi
Military Machine
Battle of Stalingrad
War in the Desert
GB led by Bernard Montgomery against the
Germans led by Rommel (“Desert Fox”) and
Vichy French who controlled French North
Africa
Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower
brokered a deal with a Vichy official
Gave Vichy French N. Africa
Ended resistance
French Resistance moves in to help Allies
War in the Desert- con’t
Rommel tells Hitler the situation is
helpless
Hitler refuses
Germany later surrenders in Tunisia
War in the Desert
Invasion of Italy
Allies meet in Casablanca to develop a plan
Invade Sicily
Leads to Mussolini’s downfall
• It. King Emmanuel III
– Fires and arrest Mussolini
– Dissolves Fascist party and surrenders
Germany continues to control peninsula
6 month artillery bombardment to rid the Germans
Invasion of Italy
First Allied foothold in Europe
D-Day
June 6, 1944
Confusion and heavy German resistance
made invasion difficult
• Huge Allied success
– Within 1 Million troops poured in France
– July 25- broke though German line
D-Day
August 25- Paris is liberated
Yalta and Potsdam
Victory Over Germany
Allies attack Germany while Soviets moved from the east
Despite heavy losses Hitler refused to surrender.
• Last offensive- Battle of the Bulge (12/44)
Allies cross the Rhine River (German defensive barrier)
May 7, 1945- Germany surrenders
Postwar Conferences:
Yalta-(2/1945) Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
Postwar Plans-divide Germany and creation of United
Nations
Potsdam(7/1945)
Occupy Germany
Ultimatum to Japan
Wartime alliance pulling apart
Section 4
Victory in Europe and the Pacific
V-E Day
May 7 Germany surrendered
May 8, 1945 was proclaimed V-E Day
(Victory in Europe)
War in the Pacific
While war waged in Europe Japan had a
great deal of success in Asia
Taken:Malaya, Singapore, Burman, Dutch East
Indies, Guam, Wake Islands and Philippines
Allied success
Coral Sea
Midway-ended Japanese naval superiority in
Pacific
Guadalcanal
*Leapfrogged its way to Japan
War in the Pacific- con’t
After a pause to rebuild…Allies resumed
quest for Japan in 11/1943
Led to kamikazes attacks
• Suicide mission
War in the Pacific
Victory Over Japan
Summer of 1945- Allied victory was inevitable (Japan
refused to surrender)
Iwo Jima and Okinawa- fiercest battles in PacificAllied Victories
After refusing multiple ultimatums the US decided to
use their new weapon- Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima(8/6/45) and Nagasaki(8/9/45) were
bombed- 200,000 Japanese lost their lives
September 2, 1945- Japanese surrender- WWII
over
Victory Over Japan
Section 5
The End of WWII
War’s Aftermath
The war had killed as many as 50 million
people around the world
As the war ended people began to learn the
full extent of the inhumanity of the Holocaust
At the Nuremberg Trials nazi leaders were
tried for “crimes against humanity”
The western allies occupied Germany and
Japan with democratic constitutions
Establishing the United Nations
April 1945, 50 nations convened in San
Francisco to draft a charter for the
United Nations
General Assembly- all members voted
Security Council- had the right to veto
any decision (US, Soviet Union, Britain,
France, and China)
Effects of the War
70 Million Fought
50 Million+ casualties
SU-22 Million
Germany- 8 Million
Japan- 2 Million
6 Million Jews (Holocaust)
400,000 Americans
Use of new weapons made WWII the most
destructive in history