Download Chapter 21 Sections 2 through 4 Overview

Iwo Jima 1945
I.
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
Holding the Line Against Japan
A. Chester Nimitz
1. He was the commander of the United States Navy in
the Pacific.
2. Nimitz began planning operations against the
Japanese after Pearl Harbor.
3. He was powerless to stop the Japanese advance into
Southeast Asia shortly after Pearl harbor.
Chester Nimitz
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
B. The Fall of the Philippines
1. The Japanese attacked the Philippines shortly after
Pearl Harbor and quickly overran the islands.
2. Douglas MacArthur was ordered by President
Roosevelt to leave the Philippines and evacuate to
Australia.
3. On April 9, 1942, the weary defenders of the Bataan
Peninsula surrendered. A month later a small force on
the island of Corregidor surrendered in May 1942.
4. The Bataan Death March was the forced march of
sick, exhausted, and starving American and Filipino
troops to Japanese prison camps.
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
C. The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo
1. Roosevelt used this event to attempt to raise the
morale of the American people.
2. B-25’s launched off the aircraft carrier Hornet
bombed Tokyo.
3. As a result of the raid, the Japanese changed their
strategy and now decided to attack the Midway
Islands.
D. The Battle of the Coral Sea
1. First naval battle in history in which ships faced off
against each other without seeing the enemy. How
was this possible?
2. The American attacks prevented the Japanese from
landing on New Guinea’s south coast and kept the
supply line open to Australia.
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
3. Unknown to the Japanese before the attack was that the
American had already broken their codes.
E. The Battle of Midway
1. It was the turning point in the war in the Pacific. The
battle stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific .
2. The Japanese navy lost four large carriers which was the
heart of their fleet.
II. Stopping the Germans
A. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wanted the Allies
to attack the periphery, or edges, of the German empire.
Roosevelt agreed.
B. In July 1942, Roosevelt ordered the invasion of Morocco and
Algeria in North Africa.
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
C. The Battle for North Africa
1. Roosevelt decided to invade Morocco and Algeria for
two reasons:
a. The invasion would give the army some
experience without requiring a lot of troops.
b. It would also help the British troops fight the
Germans in Egypt.
2. General Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”)
a. He was the German commander of the Africa
Corps.
b. Rommel’s German forces remained a threat
after losing the Battle of Alamein.
Overview of Chapter 21
3. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the
American commander in North Africa.
a. American general George Patton’s
forces in Morocco captured the city of
Casablanca, while those in Algeria
seized the cities of Oran and Algiers.
b. The Americans were defeated in their
first battle with German forces at
Kasserine Pass.
c. On May 13, 2013, the last German
troops in North Africa surrendered.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
D. The Battle of the Atlantic
1. The loss of so many ships due to U-Boat attacks
convinced the U.S. Navy to set up a convoy system.
2. From July 1942 onward, American shipyards produced
more ships than German submarines managed to sink.
3. New technology, such as radar, sonar, and depth
charges allowed the Allies to locate and destroy German
submarines.
4. As the new technology began to take its toll on
German submarines, the battle of the Atlantic turned in
favor of the Allies.
Overview of Chapter 21 Section 2
E. The Battle of Stalingrad
1. On November 23, 1942, the Soviet Army surrounded the
German troops in Stalingrad. This forced German troops
to surrender in February of 1943.
2. The Battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point in
the war.
Review of Chapter 21 Section 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Who was the commander of the United States Navy in the
Pacific?
What was the Bataan Death March?
What was the turning point in the war in the Pacific?
Why did American forces land in North Africa in 1942?
Who was the “Desert Fox?”
What was the convoy system?
What was the Africa Corps?
Why was the Battle of Midway important?
What new technology did the Allies develop to combat the UBoat threat in the Atlantic?
What battle fought in Russia was a turning point in Europe?
I.
Chapter 21 Section 4 and 5
Pushing Back the Axis
A. Allied victories in North Africa cleared the way for an
attack on what Churchill called “the soft underbelly” on
Europe.
B. In August 1943, British and American forces took
Sicily, and in September they invaded the Italian
mainland.
C. After the defeat in Sicily, Mussolini was overthrown,
and the new Italian government quickly surrendered.
Germany troops occupied Italy and put up fierce
resistance in the mountainous terrain.
Chapter
21
Sections
4
and
5
D. Normandy Invasion
1. On June 6, 1944, the Allies launched the greatest
amphibious invasion in history. (176,000 troops in 5,000
vessels)
2. The Allied force led by Dwight D. Eisenhower crossed
the English channel along a 60-mile stretch of coast in
France.
3. Within a month after D-Day, a million Allied troops
were in France.
4. In August 1944, Allied forces liberated Paris.
E. Rapid Soviet Advance From the East
1. In January 1944, the Red Army freed Leningrad from an
890-day German siege.
2. By the spring of 1944, the Soviet troops had entered
Ukraine, and in July they entered Poland.
Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5
F. Germany Surrenders
1. In December 1944, Hitler tried a desperate attempt
to break through the Allied force in Belgium. This
failed attempt became known as the Battle of the
Bulge. This was the last German offensive of WWII.
2. In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine and
moved into the heart of Germany. Meanwhile, the
Soviets pushed from the east, entering Berlin in April,
1945.
3. In late April, Hitler committed suicide in his
underground shelter in Berlin, and on May 7, 1945
(V-E Day), German leaders agreed to an unconditional
surrender.
4. WWII in Europe comes to an end.
Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5
II. War in the Pacific
A. Guadalcanal (It was the first American offensive in the
Pacific.)
1. In August 1942, American marines landed on
Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
2. The struggle for this island was fought on the ground, at
sea, and in the air, lasting six months.
3. Not until 1943 did resistance on Guadalcanal come to an
end.
B. Island-hopping campaign
1. During 1943-1944, American forces “island-hopped”
toward the Philippines and Japan.
2. These military campaigns were carried out by General
Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz.
Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5
C. Iwo Jima and Okinawa
1. Though Iwo Jima measures only a few square miles,
American marines suffered more than 6,80o deaths in
capturing the island. The Americans targeted this
island as an airbase to refuel B-29’s before bombing
the Japanese islands
2. The United States captured Iwo Jima in March,
1945.
3. Japan now began to use kamikaze suicide pilots to
destroy American ships. During the invasion of
Okinawa, kamikazes scored 279 hits on United
States vessels.
4. More than 12,000 Americans died capturing
Okinawa. The next target for the Americans were the
Japanese Islands.
Chapter 21 Sections 4 and 5
D. WWII Ends
1. The Manhattan Project
2. The Japanese refused to surrender after Okinawa
falls in June, 1945.
3. Military experts predicted that Americans could
lose up to 1 million men if they order the invasion
of Japan.
4. President Truman ordered the dropping of the
Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
5. The Japanese surrendered unconditionally on
August 15, 1945 (V-J Day). On September, 2, 1945, the
formal surrender was signed on the battleship
Missouri.
6. WWII ends and the Cold War begins.