Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Appeasement Collaboration Resistance Dissent Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com VERSAILLES TREATY (1919) Forbidden to maintain or construct any fortification either on the Left bank of the Rhine or on the Right bank to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometers to the East of the Rhine A violation "in any manner whatsoever … shall be regarded as committing a hostile act...and as calculated to disturb the peace of the world". Kevin P. Dincher LOCARNO TREATY (1925/26) Rhineland should continue its demilitarized status permanently Voluntary German acceptance of the Rhineland's demilitarized status as opposed to the diktat (dictate) of Versailles. Britain and Italy guaranteed the Franco-German border and the continued demilitarized status of the Rhineland 2 Kevin P. Dincher 3 France Psychologically Economically Britain “Not a problem” Lacked resources Italy League of Nations sanctions over Ethiopia Rapprochement with Germany Kevin P. Dincher 4 League of Nations Remilitarization constituted a breach of Versailles and Locarno Asked Hitler to develop a new plan for European security Kevin P. Dincher 5 Kevin P. Dincher 6 Eastern Europe Kevin P. Dincher 7 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 8 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 9 Grow the German Population Recovery from WW I Population Crisis Created by Versailles Treaty Philosophical mandate Integrate Ethnic Germans Strengthen the “Volk” Kevin P. Dincher 10 Focused on the East Incorporating areas of ethnic Germans “Germanification” of Slavic (Poles) countries Eliminate “threats” ▪ Jews, Poles/Slavs, communists Kevin P. Dincher 11 1939-1942 Kevin P. Dincher 12 Generalplan Ost Immediate action (Nov 1939) 50,000 Germans "Small Plan" (Kleine Planung) Future Plan (10 years) ▪ During the war "Big Plan" (Grosse Planung) ▪ After the war was won ▪ To be implemented gradually over a period of 25 to 30 years. Kevin P. Dincher ▪ Relocate 8 – 10 million Germans ▪ The extermination, expulsion, Germanization or enslavement of most or all East and West Slavs living behind the front lines in Europe. 13 Drang nach Osten Drive toward the East • It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand. It is the direction which Nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples. Hitler, 1944 Kevin P. Dincher Ethnic Group % target for Elimination/Relocation Poles 85% Russians 60% Belorussians 75% Ukranians 65% Lithuanians 85% Latvians 50% Estonians 50% Czechs 50% Latgalians 100% 14 Kevin P. Dincher 15 The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War (James Bradley) 1905: Teddy Roosevelt ▪ Diplomatic mission to Japan, the Philippines, China, and Korea Kevin P. Dincher 16 Monogenism ▪ Single origin of all human beings ▪ Religious Belief ( Adam and Eve) ▪ Evolution: Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) ▪ 1859: On the Origin of Species ▪ 1871: Descent of Man Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 17 Monogenism KYA = Thousand Years Ago Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 18 Polygenism • Human beings originated in multiple places • Evolved independently from separate species of apes • Single species theories: Hierarchy of Races • Multiple species theories: Races = different species Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 19 • Lucilio Vanini (1585-1619) • De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (1616) • Africans: • Descended from apes because of their skin color • Other races not descended from apes • A race hierarchy Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 20 Polygenism • Lucilio Vanini (1616) • 17th Century: Age of Exploration • 18th Century: Enlightenment (Voltaire/Hume) • 19th and 20th Centuries: Aryan Race Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 21 Aryan • Late 19th century linguistic theory • Indo-European Language Group • Europe, the Iranian plateau, Asia Minor (Anatolia), South Asia Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 22 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 23 Indo-European Languages Today: 3 billion native speakers (42%) • Half of the world’s 439 languages and dialects Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 24 Aryan Languages …. Aryan Race • Most ancient known IndoEuropean languages • • Indo-Iranian Aryan = form of “Iranian” Indo-Iranians = Indo-Aryans = Aryans • Aryan = Indo-European speakers as a whole • Polygenism: constitute a distinctive race Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 25 Aryan Race 1. Human beings originated in multiple places 2. Different races • Aryans = one of those races • Originated in Caucasus region (Causasian) 3. Hierarchy of races Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 26 AngloSaxons Slavs Teutons Aryans Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 27 Teutonic/Nordic/Germanic Heirs and preservers Top of the racial hierarchy ▪ ▪ ▪ Social Darwinism Übermensch Rightful place in the world Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 28 The French Population Growth Political and Ideological Fragmentation Threat of Democracy: Individualism Threat of Communism: National Identity Only Answer: Authoritarian Government Lebensraum Geographic Fragmentation ▪ Co-opt or neutralize national/traditional institutions ▪ Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher Trade unions, political parties, army, churches 29 Racial Integrity/Purity Non-Aryans ▪ Jews, Slavs, Blacks, Gypsies Lebensunwertes Leben ▪ ▪ Life unworthy of life: “Weak” – “Deviants” – “Source of social unrest” Eugenics and Euthanasia Programs ▪ Nuremberg Trials Estimates Forced sterilization: over 400,000 people Euthanasia Program (Aktion T4) • 1939-1941: 70,000 people killed • 1941-1945: 270,000 people killed Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 30 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 31 Kevin P. Dincher 32 An underground organization engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military or totalitarian occupation ▪ Resistance Movements (aka “The Underground”) existed in every occupied country Kevin P. Dincher 33 Most Notable Resistance Movements ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Yugoslav Partisans Polish Home Army Soviet Partisans French Forces of the Interior Italian CLN Norwegian Resistance Greek Resistance Dutch Resistance Kevin P. Dincher 34 Resistance Took Many Forms Uprisings and guerilla warfare Forging documents Sabotage Covert listening to BBC Strikes and demonstrations Hiding people Raids on offices Espionage Assisting Allies caught behind Axis lines Illegal Press Helping POWs Kevin P. Dincher 35 No united/coordinated resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period Generally small, isolated groups ▪ Gestapo ▪ Ideological Difference 77,000 German citizens executed form of resistance Kevin P. Dincher 36 Estimate 77,000 German citizens executed for some form of resistance Canadian historian Peter Hoffman ▪ “Tens of thousands” in concentration camps for resistance German historian Hans Mommsen ▪ “Resistance without people” Kevin P. Dincher 37 Jan 1933 640,000 Jews in Germany Sep 1942: 75,800 Jews in Germany Working in arms industry Plan: to replace with force labor Kevin P. Dincher Jan 1943 15,100 Jewish workers in Berlin 5300 outside the capital Feb 1943 Majar Action on the Jews (Großaktion Juden) Evacuation Action (Evakuierungsaktion) Factory Action (Fabrikaktion) 38 Fabrikaktion excluded: Jew in mixed marriages Geltungsjuden Jews over 65 unless married to Jews under 65 Decorated Jewish veterans of WWI Special persons listed by name Kevin P. Dincher 39 Outside Berlin 26 Feb 1943 ▪ Ordered to register with Gestapo the next day 20,500 Jews in Germany 4000 people escaped 1500 survived the war Berlin 100 factories Arrested and held in 6 locations in Berlin to await deportation Kevin P. Dincher 40 Jewish Community Center Rosenstraße (Rose Street) 1800 Jewish men ▪ Married to non-Jewish women ▪ Geltugsjuden “Give us our husbands back” Kevin P. Dincher 41 Without warning, the guards began setting up machine guns,” she said. “Then they directed them at the crowd and shouted: ‘If you don’t go now, we’ll shoot.’ The movement surged backward. But then, for the first time, we really hollered. Now we couldn’t care less...Now they’re going to shoot in any case, so now we’ll yell too, we thought. We yelled, ‘Murderer, murderer, murderer, murderer’...” Charlotte Israel Kevin P. Dincher 42 “We acted from the heart, and look what happened. …We wanted to show that we weren’t willing to let them go. ...I did what was given to me. When my husband needed my protection, I protected him. I went to Rosenstrasse every day before work. And there was always a flood of people there. It wasn’t organized or instigated. Everyone was simply there. Exactly like me.” Elza Holzer Kevin P. Dincher 43 "The strength of civil disobedience, the vigor of love overcomes the violence of dictatorship; Give us our men back; Women were standing here, defeating death; Jewish men were free.“ Block der Frauen (Block of Women): Rosenstraße Protest Monument, Berlin Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 44 Kevin P. Dincher 45 Rosenstraße 2003 film Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany Nathan Stoltzfus Kevin P. Dincher 46 Kevin P. Dincher 47 • Non-violent, intellectual resistence movement • Students at University of Munich • Anonymous leaflet (6) and graffiti campaign • June 1942 until February 1943 • 7th leaflet written by not copied/distributed Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 48 Students from the University of Munich comprised the core of the White Rose Hans Scholl Katharina Schueddekopf Sophie Scholl Lieselotte (Lilo) Berndl Alex Schmorell Jürgen Wittenstein Willi Graf Marie-Luise Jahn Christoph Probst Falk Harnack Traute Lafrenz Kevin P. Dincher 49 1941: Bishop August von Galen Sermon against Euthanasia policies Reprinted sermon Leaflets ▪ Jun 1942 – Feb 1943 Kevin P. Dincher 50 Distribution? Leaflet 5 ▪ 6000-9000 copies ▪ Copies appeared in Stuttgart, Cologne, Vienna, Freiburg, Chemnitz, Hamburg, Innsbruck, and Berlin Leaflet No. 6: ▪ Smuggled out of Germany ▪ Dropped from Allied aircraft as propaganda over Nazi Germany Kevin P. Dincher 51 We will not be silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in peace! Leaflet 4's concluding phrase “We not be silent” ▪ Became the motto of the White Rose resistance. Kevin P. Dincher 52 Sophie Scholl – Die letztenTage (Sophie Scholl: The Final Days) 2005 – nominated for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006 Das Versprechen (The Promise) Film financed by Bavarian state government (1970s) Fünf letzteTage (The Last Five Days) 1982 Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose) 1982 Kevin P. Dincher 53 Maurice Bavaud (1916 – 1941) Nov 1938 Johann Georg Elser (1903 – 1945) Nov 1939 5 ½ years in Dachau - "special security prisoner Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 54 Aristocracy/Military • Tradition of personal obligation • Conflicted • Loyalty to the state – mutiny unthinkable Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 55 Aristocracy/Military • Before 1938: • • Goal = avoid war Beginning in 1938: • • • Coup if go to war? General Hans Oster November 1939: • • Coup if invasion of Belgium/Netherlands Rapid/easy victories Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 56 Aristocracy/Military • Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944) • Assassinate Hitler • Create a new government • Wolf's Lair, Rastenburg, East Prussia • • • • Count Claus von Stauffenberg July 7 (Salzburg) July 11 July 15 July 20 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 57 Operation Valkyrie (1944) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 58 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 59 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 60 Aristocracy/Military Failure of Operation Valkyrie • Revealed earlier plots • • • 7000 arrested 4980 executed Effectively ended organized resistance within Germany Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 61 Three groups used this name Anti-Nazi resistance movement in Berlin Soviet espionage rings operating in German-occupied Europe and Switzerland during World War II 1942: Red Orchestra Special Detachment (Gestapo, army, SS) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 62 The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle) Resistance • Trepper group in Germany, France, and Belgium (1939-1943) • • Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group in Berlin (1936 – 1942) • • Leopold Trepper Harro Schulze-Boysen (1936) and Arvid Harnack (1937) • Intelligence to Americans • Leaflets • Underground railroad The Red Three (rote Drei) in Switzerland (1936 – 1944) • • Alexander Radó Lucy Spy Ring (Rudolph Roessler) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 63 • Economic Resistance • Clandestine Press • Intelligence • Sabotage • Guerilla Warfare Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 64 • Collective term • Several underground resistance organizations in Poland • Loyal to the Polish Government in Exile in London • Estimates: 1 million people (military) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 65 • • • • • • • Gaullist Communists Socialists Vichy Collaborators Foreigners Jews Women Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 66 • Women • 11% of members • Antifeminism Lucie Bernard Aubrac (1912-2007) resister and co-founder of Libération-Sud Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 67 • Women • 11% of members • Antifeminism Hélène Viannay resister and co-founder of Défense de la France Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 68 • Women • 11% of members • Antifeminism Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909-1989) only female leader in the Résistance and head of the Alliance network. Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 69 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 70 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 71 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 72 • 70,000 Italian women were organized in the women defense groups. • 35,000 (of 232.841 fighting persons) women were fighting as partisans. • 4,600 were arrested, tortured and sentenced, • 2,750 were deported to Germany • 623 were shot or killed in fighting • 512 women were placed in official functions, as commissioners and commanders Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 73