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World War II Chapter 29 The Path to War Spanish Civil War showed that German and Italy were allied, rearming and aggressive Rome-Berlin Axis 1936 “Pact of Steel” Formal alliance between Italy and Germany The Path to War Anschluss March 13, 1938 Union between Germany and Austria The Path to War Sudetenland Germany speaking region of Czechoslovakia Mountainous buffer zone Contained many military bases and factories Annexed by the Germans Appeasement The Munich Agreement Meeting of Hitler, Mussolini, Prime Ministers of Britain and France Czechoslovakia lost: 1/3 of its population Best military defenses Much of its economic strength British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain declared we have “peace in our time” Appeasement Czechoslovakia becomes part of the Third Reich in 1939 The Path to War Italy invaded and annexed Albania in 1939 Leader of Nazi party in German speaking city of Danzig (Free City) declared city part of Germany British and French declared pledges to protect Poland The Path to War Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939 Germany offered Russians a free hand in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and eastern Poland Western Poland was under German “sphere of influence” Two nations would not attack each other for a period of 10 years The Path to War Sept. 1,1939 Germany invaded Poland Britain and France mobilized, sent Germany and ultimatum Britain and France declared war on Sept. 3, 1939 One year after surrendering democratic Czechoslovakia, they fought for authoritarian Poland The Course of the War 1939-1941 Blitzkrieg – “Lightening War” Used overwhelming force and speed Mechanized forces, tanks, airplanes Poland fell in less than a month The Course of the War 1939-1941 Sitzkrieg- “the sitting war” or the phony war Hitler refrained from attacking France The French felt secure behind the Maginot Line British and French increased the speed of arms production and mobilization Maginot Line The Course of the War 1939-1941 Germany captured Denmark in a day April 9, 1940 Captured strategic points in Norway Warm Up: Contrast the war on the eastern and western fronts at the outbreak of WWII (1939)? The Course of the War 1939-1941 The Fall of France Germany attacked France without warning on May 10, 1940 German troops flooded through the Netherlands and Belgium The Dutch surrendered in 5 days, the Belgians lasted 18 days German troops avoided the Maginot Line The Course of the War 1939-1941 German troops drove to the English Channel The Miracle of Dunkirk 340,000 Allied troops evacuated using naval vessels, commercial ferries and private sailboats The Course of the War 1939-1941 Germany renewed attack on June 5th Paris fell in a week Mussolini attacked Southern France on June 10th France surrendered on June 16th The Course of the War 1939-1941 On the day Germany invaded France, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister After the fall of France, Britain stood alone against Germany The Course of the War 1939-1941 Germany prepared plans for invasion while its air force, the Luftwaffe, started sustained bombing attacks The Blitz The Royal Air Force inflicted heavy losses on the Luftwaffe Aided by radar Britain survived and endured The Course of the War 1939-1941 The Balkans Italian troops from Albania invaded Greece The Greeks repelled the Italians Germany sent reinforcements to the Balkans Hungary and Romania joined the Axis Invaded and conquered Yugoslavia and Greece Italy attacked Egypt from its colony in Libya The Course of the War 1939-1941 Invasion of the Soviet Union Hitler invaded Russia on June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa Largest concentration of military power ever assembled Blitzkrieg tactics The Course of the War 1939-1941 Invasion of the Soviet Union Ukraine captured Leningrad (St. Petersburg) under siege Sevastopol and Crimea conquered in the South Advanced to the suburbs of Moscow Territory held by Germany accounted for 2/3 of Russian production of Coal, iron, steel and aluminum 40% of grain and hogs The Global War 1942-1945 Tripartite Pact- Japan joined the Axis powers in 1940 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7th 1941) made the conflict a truly global war United States joined on the side of the Allies Japanese Aggression Invasion of Manchuria 1931 War with China starting in 1937 Conquest of French Indochina (Vietnam) 1941 Philippines conquered in 1942 War in the Pacific U.S. fought Japan to a draw at the battle of Coral Sea and Midway Americans were better able to replace losses Battle of Guadalcanal 1942-1943 Raged for six months Japanese defeated Turning point of the war in the Pacific War in North Africa Germans came to the aid of Italy in North Africa Send Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox” Came within 60 miles of Alexandria Battle of El Alamein Nov. 1942 British forces, led by General Montgomery pushed German and Italian forces back to Tunisia Turning point of the war in Africa War in The Soviet Union As Russian forces retreated, they burned the land behind them “scorched earth policy” Left German army little to live on Germans pushed toward strategic city of Stalingrad (Volgograd) War in The Soviet Union Battle of Stalingrad German supplies dwindled while Russian amassed forces Russian counterattack encircled German army Germans surrendered less than 1/3 of its 300,000 men survived Turning point of the war in the eastern front Air Power Allies gained air supremacy in Europe Began around the clock bombing Americans during the day, British at night Attacks included both military and civilian targets Firebombing of Hamburg and Dresden Dresden Italian Front American troops landed in Africa joined British in pushing Axis forces out of Africa Invasion of Italy in 1943 - “soft underbelly of the Axis” King Victor Emmanuel abdicated Italy withdrew from the war Northern Italy remained occupied by German forces Rome Liberated in June 1944 Soviet Union After Stalingrad, Soviet army made rapid advancements By Feb. 1944 they were at the Polish border Recaptured Crimea in Spring Romania, Finland and Bulgaria in the summer Western Front D-Day invasion June 6, 1944 150,000 men 5,000 ships Supported by overwhelming airpower Began rapid advance through France Joined with French resistance groups In Aug. 1944 French Resistance groups led uprising in Paris Free French forces led by Charles de Gaulle entered the cheering city German Resistance V1 V1 rocket – pilot less plane V2- first long rang ballistic missile Battle of the Bulge Last major German offensive Each side lost 700,000 men German unable to sustain the offensive V2 End of the War Yalta Conference 1945 Big Three (Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt) Agreed to create United Nations - Big 5 to have veto powers (U.S., Russia, France, Great Britain and China) After war, German was to be divided Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan after Germany defeated in exchange for concessions Final Months Allies advanced on all fronts Russians took Berlin in 1945 Hitler committed suicide April 30, 1945 Germany officers surrendered 4 days later War in Asia lasted 4 months longer Japan surrendered after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet Union entered the war