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Fighting in Russia Germany breaks pact with Russia Operation Barbarossa Germany’s plan to conquer Russia He removes troops from the west (moron) Continued pressure on the west was about to Break them Hitler wants to rid Russia of Jews and Slavs and repopulate with Germans Advances quickly deep into soviet territory Eventually slowed by cold weather and Russian mud Germany breaks pact with Russia Unannounced charge into Soviet Union Soviets practice scorched earth Also guerilla warfare Ticks off Stalin Opens a two front war Expects Russia to fall quickly Severely underestimates the Russians Germany breaks pact with Russia Allies cannot help Russia quickly Cant get through Med. or Baltic seas Means Russia is fighting almost alone Siege of Leningrad Germany cuts off supplies in September 1941 Expected to take it quickly and use it for shelter Hitler moves a Panzer division to Moscow Forces them to lay siege to it All lines of communication and supplies are cut The city starves alone until November The lake freezes and supplies can be brought in Civilians had already set up a defensive perimeter Siege of Leningrad Destruction of Leningrad Sac and destroy the palaces outside defensive perimeter Most lethal siege in history The first winter was the worst Cold temperatures and no food 1.5 million people die of starvation 1.4 million evacuated, many dying en route Citizens resort to cannibalism All other animals had been eaten Gangs attack and eat people Siege of Leningrad Leningrad never falls The German army very unprepared for Russian winter Still in summer gear for first year Constant supply of meager goods across the lake The road of life City is finally freed January 1944 872 days later Written Response Explain the shift in Geopolitical attitude between Germany, Russia, and all of Europe after WWII. What is the cause and what are the ramifications for Germany today. Battle of Stalingrad Bloodiest battle in history of warfare Casualties reach near 2 million Close combat fighting and lack for any casualties Military or civilian Stalin really doesn’t care Germany approaches western edge of the city Want oil fields in Southwest Russia Want to capture the city of Stalin Begin massive bombing campaign Destroys much of the city Battle of Stalingrad Stalin brings reinforcements from everywhere Stations them on the east side of the Volga Defend Stalingrad at all costs Keeps civilians in the city Will encourage defense of the city Battle of Stalingrad German army enters the city and attempts to take it Hand to hand combat in the streets Germany wins streets in the day Retaken by Russians at night Slowly make it across the city to the Volga Civilians and military woefully undersupplied Here’s a gun and some bullets, survive Weather and sheer numbers of Russians force out the Germans Battle of Stalingrad Operation Uranus The Russian counteroffensive Russians encircle the German 6th Army Escapees run toward Stalingrad Cuts them from the rest of the German army Keeps the away from the oil fields German troops ordered not to give up They do anyway Battle of Stalingrad Results Russian victory Turning point in the allied war effort Germany stops all advances and begins retreat Casualties Germany ~750,000 killed, missing, or captured Army only Russia ~1,133,619 killed, missing, or wounded Includes 40,000 civilians U.S. Involvement Japan in The Pacific Already in Southeast Asia Second Sino-Japanese war Conquer islands off French Indochina Want to cut trade route with Singapore Eventually make it a Japanese “protectorate” Conquer the Dutch East Indies European nations quickly give up Japan in the Pacific Japan forms an alliance with Germany and Italy The Axis powers are formed Sign a 5 year nonaggression pact with Soviet Union U.S. Places an embargo of oil and iron to Japan Only Philippines and Hawaii threaten Japanese in Pacific U.S. moves most of Naval fleet to Hawaii Japan in the Pacific New Japanese Leadership Hideki Tojo New leader of Japanese militarism Wanted to attack U.S. Fleet Saw it as the best way to conquer Pacific Isokoru Yamamoto Japanese General who studied at Harvard Did not want to attack U.S. but went along with it Did not think they could win a long war with the U.S. The one who created the Pearl Harbor attack Believed that many quick blows would lead to a short war Japan in the Pacific The Attack at Pearl Harbor December 7th 1941, a date that will live in infamy Japan planned to break diplomatic ties with the United States and declare war The message arrived late, making it a sneak attack First wave and Second Wave 354 planes fly over the island first, attacking small spots on the way Targeted battleships and aircraft carriers, Ford Island, Hickam Airfield Aircraft carriers out of harbor Japan in the Pacific The Attack at Pearl Harbor Sank 5 Battleships One was beached to avoid blocking the harbor Arizona was hit in the forward magazine Exploded, sinking too fast to be cleared Light cruisers and destroyers also hit U.S. lost 18 ships 2,386 people killed, 1,139 wounded 188 planes lost U.S. back and fighting strong within 6 months Declare war on Japan December 8th Defeat Japanese at battle of Midway Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Chosen over alternative site because less heavily defended Less likely in the minds of Germans (farther away) Began by deception Attacks and fortifications to lead the Germans to expect at alternative site Fake landing craft, tanks, and camps set up across the channel Operation Overlord Operation Neptune (D-Day) June 6 1944 Delayed due to weather Begins with allied air born campaign Started overnight by the light of full moon Paratroopers land behind enemy lines Secure strategic points Will meet with the invasion force and spread from beachhead Operation Overlord Operation Neptune Beach landings Began in early morning with aerial and naval bombardments Attempt to break the German Defense Atlantic wall British land on Gold, Sword, and Juno Gold beach second most fortified U.S. Land on Utah and Omaha Omaha most fortified Weather causes the channel to be choppy and boats to miss their targets Omaha beach is the most fortified Operation Overlord Have to take the beach fighting numerous obstacles Panzer guns mounted to bunkers German Pill boxes; strong concrete bunkers Belgian Gates; heavy metal gates sunk in the beach to stop craft Rommel’s asparagus; poles with mines attached Czech hedgehogs; angle iron riveted together Barbed wire and machine guns All beaches were taken Most had to fight for numerous hours Not everyone reached their intended target right away Operation Overlord Battle of Normandy carries on until August Forcing the Germans back Securing targets and regrouping End of the War Europe Allies ride the momentum Germans beat a fast retreat from Russia Western front advances from Normandy After success of El Alemain allies quickly control north Africa Attack the “soft underbelly” of Europe Come up through Italy opening a 3rd front Europe Mussolini Resigns Attempts an escape to Spain via Switzerland Was traveling with retreating Germans Captured by Italian Communists Shot by firing squad in a small town in Northern Italy Later taken to Milan in Southern Italy His body was hung upside down on meat hooks Only after being shot again, kicked and spat on Body was stone by civilians from below His body is eventually buried in the family crypt Europe Battle of the Bulge (44-45) Last great German push against the Allies Would be easier to defeat the western front than the eastern Largest and bloodiest of the western front A surprise attack on a weakly defended Allied line Creates a bulge in the Allied defense Kill POWs as they advance westward Resolves the allies against them Push about 30 miles into France Europe Battle of the Bulge U.S. air force reinforcements arrive after days of fighting Weather too bad to aid sooner Disrupt supply lines force the Germans back British Attack from the north, Americans from the south Slowly but surely American forces push the Germans back Troops are hampered by heavy snows and cold weather “…be regarded as an everfamous American victory” Proceed quickly through Germany after this point Europe V-E Day Russians push quickly through the eastern front Take the Baltic nations, Finland, and Baltic states Poles begin uprisings against Germany Russia enters Poland 1944 They are the first to see the Death Camps in Poland U.S. gets the reports but doesn’t really believe them Europe V-E Day U.S. and Britain liberate Concentration camps in Germany Meet the Red army in Eastern Germany in April 1945 Soviets will take Berlin Hitler commits suicide as the Red army approaches German High Command surrenders May 8, 1945 Pacific Island Hopping Troops advanced skipping some islands Simply cut off the supplies Cannot waste men and time reclaiming every island Battle of the Coral Sea 1948 The first major turning point in the Pacific American and Australian forces fight Japanese to a draw Initial and permanent blunt of Japanese advance Pacific Island Hopping Battle of Midway: June 1942 Turning point for U.S. in the pacific Severely hurt the Japanese fleet Americans met and defeated a larger Japanese fleet Battle of Guadalcanal First invasion of a Japanese held territory 3 month battle Huge losses on both sides Bushido code; you fight to the end and don’t get taken U.S. gains control of important air base Pacific Island Hopping Battle of Iwo Jima: Feb-March 1945 Nothing on Iwo Jima but an airstrip 800 miles from Japan home island Could keep up constant bombing Japanese would not go easily Vowed to fight to the death no matter how many Battle of Okinawa Pretty much suicide for Japanese holed up in mountains Also suicide for U.S. troops that had to attack 450 miles from Japan Bloodiest battle of the Pacific Pacific Island Hopping The Nuclear bomb Truman’s catch 22 Kill civilians or save soldiers The amount of soldiers expected to die were astronomical Pacific Island Hopping Nuclear Bomb Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima August 6 1945 The Japanese do not give in Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki August 9 1945 Japan agrees to unconditional surrender August 14 V-J day September 2 terms signed Pacific Island Hopping Nuclear Bomb Effects of the nuclear bomb .3 miles buildings collapse, peeling skin, immediate shockwave .75 miles buildings collapse, peeling skin, shock wave 2.3 miles, flash, building damage, burning flesh, and shockwave “Black Rain fell” Concentrated radioactive material from the blast Like drinking nuclear sludge The Holocaust Concentration Camps Hitler’s “Final Solution” Destruction of the Jews in Germany or occupied Europe Previously they were detained in Ghettos Einsatzgreupen Eventually needed a better way Not just the Jews Gypsies, Disabled Germans, Poles, Blacks, etc. The Camps Concentration Camps Labor Camps To produce for the German war effort and people Literally worked to death Death Camps Gas and Creamation Medical Experimentation Random amputations, pressure changes, drug tests, freezing, changing eye color Auschwitz Liberation Began July 1944 Russians Started to enter the camps in Poland Western allies entered Concentration camps in April 1945 Deaths Camp Estimated Deaths Auschwitz-Birkenau (40-45) 1,500,000 Belzec (42-43) 600,000 Chelmno (41-43) 320,000 Majdanek (41-44) 360,000 Sobibor (42-43) 250,000 Treblinka (42-43) 700,000-800,000 Nuremburg War Trials Needed to have some response to the Holocaust Sentenced 12 Nazi leaders to death, including the doctors Has set precedence for future war crimes trials and crimes against humanity