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Chapter 17, Section 3 The War in the Pacific Quick Write (Review): What was V-E Day? • The day Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Allies, ending WWII in Europe • May 8, 1945 Chapter 17, Section 3 • Even though the Allies decided to attack Germany first and Japan second, the Allies did not wait until V-E Day to make their move on Japan • By April 1941, Japan had a large empire in the Pacific including: Hong Kong, Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and much of China X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X Chapter 17, Section 3 • Japan even took control of the U.S. territory Philippine Islands after the attack on Pear Harbor in 1941 • General MacArthur had been stationed in the Philippines but was forced to evacuate, promising the people, “I will return” • Thousands of American and Filipino soldiers were not able to escape and were forced onto the Bataan Peninsula (the Bataan Death March), where hundreds died Chapter 17, Section 3 • In the Spring of 1942, the Allies began to make some progress against Japan • Lt. Col. James Dootlittle led a series of bombing raids on Japan (Tokyo), known as Doolittle’s Raid • American and Australian forces prevented Japan from taking Australia in the five-day Battle of Coral Sea Chapter 17, Section 3 • Japan wanted to capture the strategic Island of Midway next • Admiral Chester Nimitz was in charge of the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific, and he defended Midway • By the end of the Battle of Midway, Japan had lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes • Midway was the turning point in the war in the Pacific Chapter 17, Section 3 • After Midway, the Allies began a strategy called “island hopping” • Island Hopping = the Allied strategy in the Pacific of capturing some islands and skipping others to gain a strategic advantage and cut off Japanese-controlled territories from supplies • With each island, the Allies moved closer to Japan Chapter 17, Section 3 • The Allies won the Battle of Guadalcanal in August 1942 (Japan’s first defeat on land) • Japan began to fight harder, using kamikaze (suicide) pilots who would crash their planes into Allied ships • Japan used kamikazes heavily in the Philippines • The Allies won the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) in October 1944 Chapter 17, Section 3 • The Allies took the island of Iwo Jima from Japan in March 1945 • More than 6,000 U.S. Marines died taking Iwo Jima, and a famous photo (and now statue) symbolize this important victory Chapter 17, Section 3 • In April 1945, the Allies invaded Okinawa • Okinawa was the last major island remaining between the Allies and Japan • Japan used more then 1,900 kamikaze attacks on Okinawa • 7,600 Americans died fighting on Okinawa (land and sea) • The Japanese lost 110,000 men defending Okinawa Chapter 17, Section 3 • The next step for the Allies was to invade the Japanese mainland • Churchill and Truman were afraid that millions of Allied soldiers would be lost fighting Japan • The U.S. had developed an atomic bomb by 1945 • On July 25, 1945, Truman gave the order for the U.S. military to make plans to drop the atomic bomb on Japan Chapter 17, Section 3 • On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay released an atomic bomb (Little Boy) on Hiroshima • On August 9, 1945, a second atomic bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on Nagasaki • By the end of 1945, 200,000 Japanese citizens died from injuries and radiation poisoning caused by the atomic blasts • Emperor Hirohito was horrified by the destruction caused by the atomic bombs Chapter 17, Section 3 • Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945 • August 14, 1945 was known as V-J Day (victory in Japan) • WWII was over • The U.S. now had to begin rebuilding wartorn nations after the war • At the Yalta Conference in 1945, the Big Three (U.S., Britain, Soviet Union), decided how to deal with Germany after the war and created the United Nations Chapter 17, Section 3 • United Nations = an international peacekeeping organization • Germany would also be divided into 4 zones (controlled by U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union) • At the Nuremberg Trials the Nazis were put on trial for war crimes and “crimes against humanity” • Japan was occupied by Allied forces, prohibited from having a military, and wrote a new constitution