Download Find the Main Idea

Axis Aggression
Section 1
Pages 835-842
Crash Course
 World
War II: Crash Course World
History #38 - YouTube
Bellringer 28.1 5 Points
 You
are an American living in
Poland in 1939, at the outbreak
of war in Poland. Should you
stay and fight, or return home,
would you try to encourage the
United States to enter the war?
Axis Aggression
Main Idea
In the late 1930s Germany, Italy, and
Japan used military force to build
empires. Their aggressive actions led
to the outbreak of World War II.
Germany Expands
• After
World War I
Treaty
of Versailles seriously
damaged German economy
Adolf Hitler came to power
 Promised to restore Germany’s
greatness
 Lebensraum, or “living room”
Rebuilding the German Military
• Hitler controlled German government by 1933
• Secretly rebuilt military
• Unchallenged—openly stated plan to re-arm Germany
• Claimed resisting spread of communism—but empire
building
Militarizing the Rhineland
• Direct action in 1936
• Armed force sent to the Rhineland- violated Treaty of
Versailles
• French and British complained; no direct action taken
• German troops remained; Hitler grew bolder
Rebuilding Germany’s Military
River
Buffer Zone to France and
Belgium
Annexing Austria
Aggressive moves
Hitler’s demands
• Europeans eager to avoid
war
• Hitler demanded Austrian
officials accept
annexation (Anschluss)
• Hitler plotted his moves
• Target-Austria
• German-speaking country
• Hitler’s birthplace
• Nazi supporters in Austria
• Initial Austrian resistance
• Britain and France did
nothing
• March 1938-unopposed
German forces take over
Austria
Threats to Czechoslovakia
Another German-speaking population
• Sudetenland eager to be a part of Germany
• Hitler threatened the Czech government
• Czechs prepared for war
Avoiding conflict
• September 1938—meeting in Munich
• Chamberlain (British) and Daladier (French) agreed not to block
Hitler
• Czechs had no support
Policy of appeasement
• Appeasement—giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid
war
• Winston Churchill opposed the policy
• “Peace for our time” according to Chamberlain
Make Generalizations
How did the British and French
respond to Germany’s expansion
and aggression?
Answer(s): followed a policy of appeasement,
giving in to Hitler's demands to maintain peace
Alliances and Civil War
Hitler builds alliances with other totalitarian governments.
The Axis forms
Spanish Civil War
• Military force to achieve
goals
• Political conflict begins in
1936
• Anti-Comintern Pact
– Germany and Japan
• Italy and Germany support
fascist Nationalists
– Prevent spread of
communism
• Soviet Union supports
Republicans
– Oppose USSR
• Nationalists win after years
of fighting
• Italy joins Axis Powers later
• Military alliance
• Pledge aid in event of war
– Francisco Franco
– Fascist dictator
A Secret Deal with Stalin
Germany
and Soviet Union on
opposing sides in Spanish Civil War
 No direct conflict
 Axis Powers united against Soviet
Union
 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
threatened by German expansion
France and Britain discuss possible
alliance with Soviet Union
Identify Supporting Details
With whom did Hitler seek alliances
in the late 1930s?
Answer(s): Japan and Italy; he also signed a
nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union
The War Begins
September 1, 1939
• Germany attacked Poland
Devastating effects
• Polish air force destroyed
• World War II begins
• Soldiers fought; no match
for German forces
• Blitzkrieg or “lightning
war”
Support for Poland
• No natural barriers in the
way
• Britain and France
declared war on Germany
• Allies gave no real help
• Poland fell into German
hands
German troops in position
• On Germany’s western
border
• Hitler eager for assault on
France
• Plans for invasion made
Hitler moves on
1940–1941
Attack on France
• Denmark and Norway captured; the Netherlands and
Belgium followed
• Tank attack through Ardennes; overwhelmed light
resistance there
• Heroic Dunkirk rescue; France surrendered in June 1940
Battle for Britain
• Great Britain stood alone against German war machine;
Churchill now leader
• Radar technology secret weapon for air defense
• British stood firm during Battle of Britain; Hitler called off
invasion plans
German Air raids on Britain
Invasion of the Soviet Union
• June 1941, Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union
had initial successes
• WHAT?? We had a non aggression pact
• Major goals of Leningrad and Moscow not
reached before harsh Soviet winter
• Soviet armies had time to rebuild and would fight
back
Sequence
With what events did the war begin?
Answer(s): invasion of Poland, followed by the
massing of German troops on its western border
Japan Attacks
Japan’s alliance with Germany was seen as a sign of a
war plan. Japan sent forces to Indochina to secure
necessary resources of oil and rubber. Hideki Tojo held
peace talks with the U.S. but planned for war.
Pearl Harbor
• Surprise attack on U.S.
Navy Pacific Fleet
• December 7, 1941
• Fighters and bombers
launched from carriers
• Raid a success
Two-hour attack
• Major destruction
• Heavy casualties
– 2,400 dead
– 200 planes gone
– Eight battleships sunk
• Three carriers survived
Pearl Harbor
Isolationism
•
Attack had profound effect
•
Ended desire to stay out of Europe’s war
•
War declared on Japan
•
Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.
•
Allies vs. Axis
The Powers
 Axis
Powers
 Japan
 Germany
 Italy
 Allied
Powers
 Great Britain
 Free France
 USSR
 US
Find the Main Idea
Why did Japan attack the United
States?
Answer(s): American leaders banned the sale of
oil to Japan, which threatened Japan's future
plans in French Indochina.
GROG 28.1 5 Points
 Sequence
Review your notes on the
events leading up to World War II.
Then fill in the interactive graphic
organizer with explanations of how
events of the 1930s led to the
outbreak of World War II and how
the world reacted to each event.
The Allied Response
Section 2
Pages 843-850
Bellringer 28.2 5 Points
 Persuasion
Write a brief
conversation between Neville
Chamberlain and Winston
Churchill. In your conversation,
have the speakers discuss what
Great Britain should do about
Germany’s increasingly
aggressive actions.
The Allied Response
Main Idea
The early years of World War II went poorly
for the Allies. But after the United States
joined the war, the Allies soon recovered
and began making gains against the Axis.
Early American Involvement
The Battle of the Atlantic
• Control of the ocean important
• Food and equipment for England and Soviet Union
shipped by sea
• Germany relied on U-boats
• Inflicted great damage to shipping
• U.S. offered military aid before entering war
• Provided ships and military escorts for British convoys
• October 1941—USS Reuben James; first U.S. Navy
ship sunk by Germany
American Home Front
• U.S. entered war two months later
• Enormous task of mobilization; men and women
volunteered for service
• Factories converted; “victory gardens” planted; scrap
drives and recycling to collect materials
• Some negative effects of patriotism
• Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during
the war by US government
Japanese Internment Camps
Winning the Atlantic
•With
U.S. officially at war,
German U-boats in American
waters
Tried to destroy American
merchant ships
 Hundreds of ships lost to German
subs
 After 1943, Allies able to fight back
more effectively

Find the Main Idea
How were Americans on the home
front involved in the war?
Answer(s): Many factories converted to produce
weapons and supplies; Americans made do with
less food, fuel, and other items; people planted
"victory gardens".
War in North Africa and Italy
Italian and British forces battled for control of North Africa. The
Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East were essential
to the British war effort. After Italian forces failed against the
British, Hitler was forced to send German troops to support the
Italians.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Back-and-forth fighting
Afrika Korps led by Erwin
Rommel
Pushed British back into Egypt
Traded blows for two years
1942—Battle of El Alamein
British victory under Gen. Bernard
Montgomery
Axis power lessened in North
Africa
Americans join the battle
•
•
•
•
Soviets wanted European front
Invasion of western North Africa
Dwight D. Eisenhower led troops
Rommel caught between forces in
east and west
• Supply problems worsened
• May 1943—surrendered to Allies
Nearly 250,000 Axis soldiers taken prisoner; with surrender, all of
North Africa in Allied hands
Fighting in Italy
• Next
Allied goal: Italy itself
•
July
1943, Allied soldiers landed
on the island of Sicily
 Weak Italian resistance
 Benito Mussolini forced from power
Allies capture Sicily
 Made plans to invade the Italian
mainland
 Hitler tried to protect against the
Allied march through Italy
Summarize
What did Allied troops accomplish in
the war in North Africa and Italy?
Answer(s): They drove the Axis out of North
Africa and used it as a base for launching an
invasion of Europe through Italy.
A Turning Point in the Soviet Union
• 1941 German invasion halted with winter
• German equipment failed in bitter cold
• Poorly equipped troops suffered greatly
Leningrad
• Citizens under siege in Hitler’s attempt to force a
surrender
• Winter of 1941—1942, thousands starved to death daily
• Siege of Leningrad cost 1 million civilian lives
Battle of Stalingrad
In the spring of 1942, Hitler ordered renewed assaults on
the Soviet Union. He assembled troops from Italy,
Romania, and Hungary. Even with fuel shortages, Axis
forces fought well initially.
On the Volga River
•
•
•
•
Germans poised to take Stalingrad
Key industrial city for Soviets
Factories supplied Soviet armies
Ports shipped grain, oil, and other products throughout
country
Stalingrad
Brutal battle
• City bombed into rubble;
German troops moved in
• Hold city at all costs
• Georgy Zhukov led Soviet
counterattack
Final victory
• German officers
surrendered early
February 1943
• 1 million Soviet dead
• Axis soldiers with no food
or ammunition
• Crushing defeat for Hitler;
once invincible German
army in retreat
• Hitler—“Surrender is
forbidden”
• Battle of Stalingrad
turning point in war
Summarize
Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a
turning point?
Answer(s): The German army had seemed
invincible, but after failing to take Stalingrad, it
was now retreating to the west.
A Turning Point in the Pacific
• The
attack on Pearl Harbor was an
enormous success for Japan.
• The damage took time to overcome;
U.S. ability to strike back was limited.
Three Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers
undamaged
 Air power provided support for Allied
ground and naval forces
 Japanese navy still ruled the seas
 Allies focused on Europe
Bataan Death March
Carrier Battles
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
• First carrier battle—May
1942- 1st time Allies stopped
Japanese advancement
• June 1942—high seas battle
• Off northeast coast of
Australia
• Japanese forces tried to take
Port Moresby on island of
New Guinea
• Allied vessels tried to block
attack
• Each side lost a carrier in
battle
• Midway a strategic island—
home to U.S. military base
• Japanese advantage—more
ships and carriers
• U.S. advantage—Japanese
secret code broken
• Admiral Chester Nimitz
responsible for Allied victory;
Japan’s navy suffered
terrible blow
Island Hopping
•
•
•
•
•
Balance of power changed
Japanese lost sea advantage after Midway
Allies developed island-hopping strategy
Skipped over strongholds and captured weaker targets
Captured islands used as bases for next attacks
Bypassed Japanese strongholds cut off from outside supplies
Guadalcanal
• Allied invasion of island late
1942
• Six months of brutal battle
• Each side won small victories
• Battle of Guadalcanal ended
with Japanese troops fleeing
the island
• Japanese continued to fight to
the death
Leyte Gulf
•
•
•
•
•
Allies captured more islands
By 1944 back at Philippines
Largest naval battle
First major use of kamikazes
Battle of Leyte Gulf—Allied
victory
• Japan’s naval power virtually
destroyed
Find the Main Idea
How was the Battle of Midway a
turning point in the war in the
Pacific?
Answer(s): It changed the balance of power in
the Pacific, eliminating the once great Japanese
advantage on the seas, and allowing the Allies to
go on the offensive.
GROG 28.2 5 Points
 5.
Identify Cause and Effect Review
your notes on Allied successes in
the war in 1942 and 1943. Then fill
in the interactive graphic organizer
by identifying the main turning
points in the war during those two
years.
The Holocaust
Section 3
Pages 854-857
Bellringer 26.3 5 Points
 Write
a one-paragraph letter
home from the viewpoint of
a civilian in Stalingrad during
the Battle of Stalingrad. In
your letter, describe the battle
and its outcome.
The Holocaust
Main Idea
During World War II, Germany’s Nazi
government deliberately murdered
some 6 million Jews and 5 million
others in Europe. These actions
became known as the Holocaust.
Nazi Anti-Semitism
• At
the time of Hitler’s rise to power,
9 million Jews lived in Europe.
Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s
problems
Promoted belief of racial superiority
of German people
 No factual basis for anti-Semitism
 No factual basis for claims about
“master race”
Long History of Anti-Semitism
In Europe
• Hostility based on religion
Nuremberg Laws
• Separate legal status for
German Jews- this was
done prior to WWII
Under Hitler
• Hatred based on race
Deportation
• Thousands of Jews
deported
Limited emigration options
• Nazi laws left Jews without money, without property
• Countries unwilling to take in poor immigrants
Aftermath of Great Depression
• Nations recovering economically; jobs scarce
• Strict limits set on number of Germans allowed in
• 250,000 Jews trapped at start of war
• Germany outlawed emigration late in 1941
Summarize
Describe Nazi anti-Semitism in the
1930s.
Answer(s): Jews had separate legal status, no
citizenship and no right to hold government jobs,
limited right to work and own property; thousands
of Jews deported
The “Final Solution”
Conquered areas of Europe
• Millions of Jews came under Hitler’s power
• Nazi leaders adopted “Final Solution”—the deliberate mass
execution of Jews, including concentration camps, death
camps, and Einsatzgruppen
Killing begins
• Brutal treatment of Jewish civilians
• Forced to live in ghettos within a city
–400,000 Jews confined to Warsaw ghetto
Concentration camps
• Slave labor camps set up to hold these “enemies of the state”
• Cruel medical experiments
• Large-scale executions with civilians gunned down
The Killings Begin
 As
the Nazis moved across
Europe the SS killing squads
rounded up men, women,
children, and even babies and
shot them in pits where they
were buried.
 Other Jews were rounded up and
herded into concentration camps
where they were slave labor.
Einstzgruppen
After 1941
After Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler called for the
destruction of all European Jews.
Einsatzgruppen
Too much evidence
Mobile killing units
• Germans did not
want world to
know
• 6 million Jews died in
genocidal campaign
called Holocaust
• Special death
camps
established
• Nazis killed 5 million
others they
considered “inferior”
as well (Jews,
Homosexuals,
disabled people,
Poles, Slavs, and
Gypsies
• Carried out largescale executions
• Babi Yar
• 35,000 Jews
murdered
• Gas chambers
and furnaces
used
Victims
The Final Stage
 In
1942 the Germans built huge
exterminations camps equipped
with gas chambers that could kill
as many as 6,000 people in a day.
 Committees of Nazi doctors
separated the strong (mostly
men) from the weak (women,
children, and elderly). The weak
went to their deaths in the gas
Empty Zyklon B canisters found by the
Zyklon B granules on display at Allies at Auschwitz at the end of World
Auschwitz
War II
Find the Main Idea
What was the Final Solution, and
how did the Nazis attempt to carry
out this plan?
Answer(s): Nazi leaders adopted a plan they
called the "Final Solution"—the deliberate, mass
execution of Jewish prisoners.
The World Reacts
Other countries were aware of Hitler’s anti-Semitism in the
1930s. After the outbreak of war, the extent of Hitler’s brutality
was shielded from the outside world.
Reports of killings
• By 1942, people heard
disturbing reports of
widespread killings
• Reports confirmed; no
concrete action was taken
• War Refugee Board
established in 1944, aided
200,000 Jews
Government inaction
• Allies primarily concerned
with larger war effort
• Camps and railroad lines not
bombed
• Apathy and anti-Semitism
also contributed
As the Allies pushed Germans back, the concentration camps were
discovered, in spite of German attempts to cover up evidence.
Auschwitz
Actions revealed
• January 1945, Soviet troops found starving survivors at
Auschwitz
• Evidence showed number of prisoners once held there
Buchenwald and other camps
• April 1945, Americans reached Buchenwald to find thousands
of corpses; remaining inmates near death
• British reached Bergen-Belsen camp, finding 35,000 bodies
Scenes of horror
• Hardened combat veterans unable to describe the death and
destruction
• Clear picture of Hitler’s control
• Nazi hopes of world domination would not last
Jews Killed Under Nazi Rule*
Original
Jewish
Populati
on
Poland
Soviet
*Estimates
Guilt
Union (area
Jews
Killed
Perce
nt
Survi
ving
3,300, 2,800, 15
000
000
%
2,100,
1,500,
29
Source: Hannah Vogt, The Burden of
000
000
%
The Survivors



About six million European Jews were killed
during the Holocaust.
Less than four million European Jews
survived.
Some Jews were helped by non-Jews who
risked there lives, hid Jews in their homes,
and helped them escape to neutral countries.
Summarize
How did the world react to Nazi
killing of Jews and other prisoners?
Answer(s): At first they didn't believe them, but as
the reports were confirmed, they met to discuss
possible responses. In January 1944, the United
States established the War Refugee Board to help
rescue Jews in Europe.
Camp Markings
Nazi concentration camp badges, primarily triangles, were part of
the system of identification in Nazi camps. They were used in
the concentration camps in the Nazi-occupied countries to identify
the reason the prisoners had been placed there. The triangles were
made of fabric and were sewn on jackets and trousers of the
prisoners. These mandatory badges of shame had specific
meanings indicated by their colour and shape.
Political Professi Foreign Jehovah
Sex
“Asocial Roma
Enemie
onal
Forced
’s
Offende
s”
(Gypsie
s
Crimina Laborer Witness rs and
s)
ls
s
es
homosexuals
Special Markings
Race defiler
Pole
Female Race
defiler
Czech
Enemy POW
Escape Suspect
Special Inmate
(brown armband)
A poster in
German
explaining the
marking system
Dutch Jews wearing the yellow star with an “N”
superimposed over it meaning they were from the
Netherlands.
Auschwitz Death Camp, Poland
 Except for the picture on this slide,
all other Auschwitz pictures are by
Elisabeth Yankey taken in 2001.
This wheeled table helped transport the bodies of the
gassed victims to the ovens for cremation.
This mechanism rotated the table upon which the
bodies of the gassed victims were transferred to
the ovens for cremation.
There was once a building standing here, but this is the
area where the Nazis themselves burned this building down
to attempt to destroy evidence of the death camps.
inmate barracks
These are burned down barracks where the
Nazis again tried to destroy evidence of
atrocities in the Auschwitz camp.
GROG 28.3 5 Points
 Review
your notes about Nazi antiSemitism. Then fill in the interactive
graphic organizer by describing the
main events of the Holocaust.
The End of the War
Section 4
Pages 858-863
Short Essay
Read pages 864-865
 On the front of a piece of paper, answer
questions 1-5 both a and b
 Then on the back of that paper write a short
5 paragraph essay on the following question:

 How
could an event as large and as
terrible as the Holocaust have taken
place?
The End of the War
Main Idea
In 1945 the Allies finally triumphed
over the Axis powers, but the war
left many nations in ruins.
War Ends in Europe
• Soviet advance—pushing Hitler’s troops backward
• Axis forces with 2 million casualties—outnumbered and
outgunned
• Early 1944, Siege of Leningrad ends; more victories for
Soviets followed
• Axis forces driven back into central Europe
• Soviets within 40 miles of Berlin by February 1945
D-Day
Battle of the Bulge
• Second front in Western Europe
• Sea assault led by Marshall and
Eisenhower launched from UK
• June 6, 1944, invasion at
Normandy
• Victory came with high
casualties
• Paris free by end of August
• December 1944, one last stand
• Counterattack at Belgium-due
to loss of Paris
• German advance led to bulge in
the line
• Defeat ended German
resistance
• Allies racing to Berlin from the
east and west
D-Day
The Germans Surrender
• Soviets reached Berlin first
• Adolf Hitler found dead in bunker—a suicide
• Berlin surrendered May 2, 1945; Germany five days later
• Victory in Europe (V-E Day) proclaimed May 8, 1945
• War in Europe finally over after nearly six years
Draw Conclusions
What effect did D-Day have on the
war in Europe?
Answer(s): The Allies quickly reconquered much
of France and started to push into Germany from
the west.
War Ends in the Pacific
Final Battles
• By mid-1944, regular bombing raids on Japanese cities, including
Tokyo
• Great distance made raids difficult, dangerous
• Americans needed bases closer to Japan
Battle of Iwo Jima
• February 1945 island invasion; 750 miles south of Tokyo
• 7,000 Americans died in month of fighting; 20,000 Japanese
died—only 1,000 thousand surrendered
Battle of Okinawa
• Only 350 miles from Japan; U.S. troops invaded island April 1945
• By June, 12,000 American soldiers dead
• Japanese lost 100,000 defenders and another 100,000 civilians
The Atomic Bomb
• After Okinawa, mainland Japan was next
• The U.S. military estimated cost of invading mainland Japanup to 1 million Allied killed or wounded
Option to invasion
July 26, 1945
• Atomic bomb successfully
tested in 1945
• Allies issued demand for
surrender
• Harry S Truman U.S.
president with Roosevelt’s
death in May 1945
• No response; Hiroshima bombed
on August 6
• Still no surrender; second bomb
dropped on Nagasaki on August
9
• Forced to make decision—
bomb Japanese city to force
• 145,000 total deaths
surrender
• Japanese acknowledged defeat
Emperor Hirohito surrendered on August 15, 1945. This day is known
as V-J Day for Victory in Japan. World War II was finally over.
Atom Bomb over Hiroshima
Atom Bomb over Nagasaki
Find the Main Idea
What brought an end to the war in
the Pacific?
Answer(s): the dropping of atomic bombs on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Postwar World
End
of war, Europe and Asia in ruins
Tens
of millions dead; heaviest losses
in Eastern Europe
Germany,
Japan, and China had also
suffered greatly
 Physical
devastation; cities, villages,
and farms destroyed
Planning for the Future
July 1941
• Allied leaders planned for years for the of war
• Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss even before U.S.
entered war
Atlantic Charter
• Joint declaration of Churchill
and Roosevelt
• Outlined purpose of war
• Sought no territorial gains
• All nations could choose
their own government
• Work for mutual prosperity
Tehran Conference
• December 1943
• Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin
• Agreed on schedule for DDay invasion
• Would work together in
peace after the war
Yalta Conference
• Held in Soviet territory in early 1945; Allies on brink of military
victory
• Primary goal to reach agreement on postwar Europe
• Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed on plans for Germany
• Stalin got his way with Polish territory, made promises
United Nations
• Roosevelt got Stalin to agree to join fight against Japan once
war in Europe over
• USSR would join new world organization—United Nations
• Meant to encourage international cooperation and prevent war
• June 1945 charter signed with five major Allies as Security
Council
Potsdam Conference
July 1945
Three sides
• Small German city location
for Potsdam Conference
• Soviet Union, Britain, and
United States
• Growing ill will between
Soviet Union and other Allies
• Discussed many issues but
had difficulty reaching
agreement
Closing months
• American and British leaders
worried about Stalin’s
intentions
• Concerned about spread of
communism, growth of
Soviet influence
Stalin
• Soon broke his promises
• Did not respect democracies
in Eastern Europe
• Another struggle beginning
Summarize
What major decisions did Allied
leaders make at Yalta and
Potsdam?
Answer(s): At Yalta, Allied leaders agreed on what to do
with postwar Europe. Roosevelt persuaded Stalin to join
the fight against Japan and to join the United Nations. At
Potsdam, the three sides discussed many issues
concerning postwar Europe, but often had difficulty
reaching agreement.
GROG 28.4 5 Points
 Review
your notes about the end of
the war in Europe and in the
Pacific. Then use the interactive
graphic organizer to explain what
led to the end of the war.