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New Unit:
The USA
and
World War II
When does War II begin?
• September 1, 1939
– Germany invades Poland
– USSR invades from the east
– Britain and France declare
war
• Italy had gained Ethiopia
and Albania
• Germany had already
gained Austria and
Czechoslovakia
• Japan had invaded China
and Korea earlier in the
1930s
Today’s Topic:
(and first question)
Action taken
by the
US Government
between
1939 – 1941
What action and measures were
taken by Congress and FDR
after World War II began?
• Neutrality Act of 1939
–Repealed arms embargo for
Britain and France
–Authorized the president to
prohibit American ships from
entering war zones
• Selective Service and Training Act
(1940)
–First peacetime military draft in US
history
• Formation of “Office of Production
Management” (’41)
–Obtain materials for industry
–Encouraged industrial and ag.
production
• Aid to Britain (September ’40)
– US gave Britain 50 destroyers from WWI in
exchange for bases in West Indies and Atlantic
• Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)
– Authorized president to lend or lease
equipment to nations whose defense was vital
to the interests of the USA
– We were to be the…
– “Arsenal for Democracy”
• Atlantic Charter (August 1941)
– Series of agreements between Britain and USA
– Set up “goals” or “principles” to guide nations
What were FDR’s Actions
Towards Japan in July 1941?
• He ignored the
Neutrality Acts when it
came to assisting China
• Froze all Japanese assets
in the USA
• Placed an embargo on…
– Machine tools
– Scrap iron and steel
– Oil
Today’s Topic:
The USA
and
Events in
Europe and Asia
that lead
to
World War II
What was the USA’s
philosophy about foreign affairs
following WWI?
• Wanted political and economic stability
abroad
• No commitments to foreign countries
• Limited internationalism
• Isolationism
What are some things the US did in
the early ’20s and ‘30s trying to
stabilize the powers of the world?
• Five Power Pact (1922)
– US, Britain, Japan, Italy and France
– Agreed to take 10 year break in building naval ships
• Nine Power Pact (1922)
– The above plus four more
– Respect China
• Lusanne Conference (1933)
– Allies forgive Germany of its debts
– Allies want USA to forgive them
• USA says “No Way!”
• USA recognizes USSR (1933)
What is Germany, Italy and Japan
doing in the 1930s?
How does the USA respond to the
local aggression around the world?
• Hoover-Stimson Doctrine (1932)
– US will not recognize any treaty that does
not recognize the sovereignty of China
• (Remember what Japan had done!)
• Declaration of Panama (1939)
– Establishes a security zone around the
Americas
– Warned aggressor nations not to take action in
the area
• Neutrality Act of 1935/1936
– US will not sell arms or loan money to warring
nations
• Neutrality Act of 1937
– Warring nations can only purchase
nonmilitary items from the companies in the
USA
– “Cash and Carry”
• Must pay for them when purchased
• Must pick them up in US ports
Today’s Topic:
Axis Aggression
1939 - 1941
What was Germany able to do in ’40 & ’41?
• Invade Denmark and
Norway in April 1940
• Invade France, Belgium,
Luxembourg and
Netherlands in May 1940
– France was either
conquered or surrendered
in June 1940
• Sends forces to Greece
and Yugoslavia in April
1941
• Invade Crete in May 1941
• Invade USSR in June
1941
What did Italy do?
• Invades
Greece on
October
1940
• Invades
Egypt in
1940
What did Japan do?
• Gained
more land
in China
• Occupied
Indochina
(Vietnam)
by 1940
What is the world situation in
1941?
Today’s Topic
The Effects of the Attack on Pearl Harbor
What were the results of Japan’s
attack on Pearl Harbor?
• The USA entered World
War II
– On December 8th, 1941
against Japan
– In response to the
attack on December 7th
at Pearl Harbor
– On December11th
against Italy and
Germany
• At Pearl…
– Nearly 2,400 killed
– 3 of 8 battleships sunk
– Damaged 16 ships
What happened to many
Japanese Americans as a result of
the attack upon Pearl Harbor?
• In January 1942, FDR ordered the relocation
of people with Japanese ancestry
– In California, Oregon and Washington
• NOT IN HAWAII (Hawaii was put
under martial law)
– To internment camps spread throughout
the western portion of the country
• This directly affected about 120,000 people
– 2/3 were Nisei (citizens)
– 1/3 were Issei (legal aliens)
• Only exception…enlistment in military
Today’s Topic:
Organizing the
War Effort
What action did the
government take to prepare
for war?
• Congress gives FDR power to…
–Establish controls over trade
• Establish rations
• Regulate transportation
–Initiate defense contracts
–Provide for censorship
• Congress and FDR set up boards
and commissions to…
–Set price ceilings
–Regulate production of factories
–Mediate labor disputes
• Set maximum wages
–Coordinate war news
–Gather intelligence from other
nations
What is happening in the
United States
during
World War II?
….to women
• Joined the armed services
• Became part of the workforce
–Heavy industrial jobs
–“Rosie the Riveter”
–Pay did not equal that of men
…to African Americans
• Increased migration from South
– Faced discrimination in most areas
• Armed Forces remained segregated
…to Mexican Americans
*gained worked in factories
…to Native Americans
*gained work in factories
*military service
…to Japanese Americans
*Interned in relocation camps
during the war
*In 1944 the US Supreme Court
upheld the constitutionality of
action
*Allowed to join military, but
only served in European theater
…to All Americans
*Daily life did not change that much!
*Rationing of goods
*Longer work days
*Kept up to date on war through…
newspapers
radio
newsreels at movies
*Civil Defense established
Today’s Topic:
Major
Events
of WWII
from
1942 - 1943
• What is
happening in
Europe at the end
of 1941?
– Britain is being
bombed
relentlessly
– USSR is being
invaded by
Germany
– Germany/Italy
trying to reach
the Suez Canal
What action is taken by the
Allies?
• Invade Northwest
Africa in Nov. ‘42
– Mix of US and
British forces
• Britain attacks in
Africa from the
northeast
• Why attack in
Africa?
– Weakest point
– Make Germany
adjust forces
After Africa is back in the hands
of the Allies, what is next?
• Invasion of Sicily
in July 1943
– Takes about a
month to
secure island
– Italy replaces
Mussolini
• Germany
moves forces
into Italy
• Invasion of
Italy in Jan.
1944
Where did the USA stop
Japanese expansion?
• Coral Sea
– May 1942
– Stopped
southern
expansion
• Midway
Island
– June 1942
– Stopped
eastward
expansion
In what order did
the USA
island hop?
Guadalcanal Nov. 1942
Gilbert Islands Nov. 1943
Marshal Islands Jan. 1944
New Guinea April 1944
Guam August 1944
Philippines Jan. 1945
Iwo Jima Feb. 1945
Okinawa April 1945
What else is happening in
Europe from 1942 and 1943?
• Battle for
control of the
Atlantic Ocean
– By the end of
1943, the Allies
controlled the
Atlantic Ocean
• USSR stops
retreating at
Stalingrad
– Begin pushing
west
The USA in World War II
Major Events
of WWII
1944-1945
Why is 1944 significant in
the European Theater?
• Allied landing in France
– Called Operation Overlord
– Began on June 6, 1944 (DDay)
• Took place in northern
France (Normandy)
• Largest amphibious
assault ever attempted
– LANDED ON 5 DIFFERENT
BEACHES
– MAINLY TROOPS FROM
USA, BRITAIN AND CANADA
• In late July, the troops
began Operation Cobra
– Regain France
• By September 1944 Paris is taken
What was the Allied (US) strategy
in the Pacific Theater?
• “Island Hopping”
– Conquer only the Pacific
islands that were vital to
the Allied advance to
Japan
– Cut the remaining
islands off from supplies
• Required superior
air and naval
forces
In what
order did
the USA
island hop?
Guadalcanal Nov. 1942
Gilbert Islands Nov.
1943
Marshal Islands Jan.
1944
New Guinea April 1944
Guam August 1944
Philippines Jan. 1945
Iwo Jima Feb. 1945
Okinawa April 1945
Today’s Topics:
Meetings of the Allied Leaders
during
World War II
What was the
Atlantic Charter?
• FDR and Churchill met in 1941
• Agreed to…
–No territorial expansion
–Self-determination for ALL people
–Disarming the aggressors
–Forming a “United Nations” after
war
What was the
Casablanca Conference?
• FDR and Churchill
met in ’43
• Agree to accept
nothing but
unconditional
surrender from Axis
nations
What was the
Cairo Conference?
• FDR, Churchill and Chiang Kaishek of China in 1943
• Agreed to…
–Korea’s independence after war
–Taiwan would be returned to
China from Japan
What was the
Teheran Conference?
• FDR, Churchill and Stalin in
1943
• Agree to…
–Open a 2nd front in Europe
–Soviets would declare war on
Japan after Germany defeated
What was the
Yalta Conference?
• FDR, Churchill and Stalin in ’45
• Agree to…
– Germany will be divided and disarmed
– USSR given certain areas of land
– USSR will be given 3 seats in UN
– USSR promises to hold free elections
in eastern Europe
– War crime trials to be held
What was the
Potsdam Conference?
• Truman, Stalin and Churchill in
1945
• Agreed to…
– Move German people back to Germany
– Unconditional surrender in Japan or
else
• Stalin announces free elections will
not take place
Today’s Topic:
The Conclusion of World
War II
What took place in Europe to
conclude the war?
• Several weeks after D-Day, the
USSR began a major drive
– By July, 1944 they were near
Warsaw
• British forces were pushing
from Greece
• American forces kept
advancing from the west
• By Spring ’45, Allied forces
were in Germany
– Hitler commits suicide on April
30, 1945
– May 8, 1945 is V-E Day
How did the war against
Japan come to an end?
• How to end the war in
Japan is debated
between military leaders
and Truman
• August 6, 1945
– US drops an atomic bomb
on Hiroshima, Japan
• August 9, 1945
– US drops an atomic bomb
on Nagasaki, Japan
• Japan surrenders on the
15th
Casualties of WWII
**not including victims of Holocaust**
Britain
France
China
USSR
USA
Germany
Italy
Japan
Military
Military
Civilian
Dead
Wounded
Dead
264,000
277,000
93,000
213,000
400,000
350,000
1,310,000 1,753,000 1,000,000
7,500,000 14,012,000 15,000,000
292,000
672,000
6,000
3,500,000 5,000,000
780,000
242,000
66,000
153,000
1,300,000 4,000,000
672,000