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World War II Part I: The Causes and Start of the War Causes and Start of the War: Japan Japan Invaded Manchuria in 1931 Why How - _____________________ Japan needed more natural resources (______________________) __________________ hit Japan hard! More conservative leaders of the government and military becoming powerful influences in society (and with the Emperor, Hirohito) Japan controlled a railway system in Manchuria _______________________________________________________ Japanese government claimed that Chinese nationalists were to blame – sent in army to “protect its interests in Manchuria” Manchuria made into a puppet state of Japan Renamed ______________________ Puppet leader – _________________________________________ Causes and Start of the War: Japan Japan condemned for actions: League of Nations – investigated the events in Manchuria and concluded that Japan was at fault _________________________________________ ______________ USA – also condemned Japanese actions and refused to recognize the existence of Manchukuo Causes and Start of the War: Japan Japan Invaded China in 1937 Why – China would provide resources as well as a way to move into SE Asia and parts of Russia to take them over Japanese forces quickly took major population centers (______________________) and Northeastern China Japanese forces committed atrocities on Chinese people Chinese not able to fight back – conflict between Communists (led by ____________) and Nationalists (led by ________________) Actions again (weakly) condemned by __________________ __________________________ Causes and Start of the War: Japan Japan targeted SE Asia Next USA warned Japanese that it would impose economic sanctions if it moved troops into SE Asia and if Japan did not withdraw from China and Manchuria USA still a little angry over the sinking of one of its ships by Japanese in 1937 and thinks that Japan is too aggressive USA was Japan’s Major supplier of ___________________ – these sanctions would hurt Japan! Japanese felt that USA was a roadblock to the success of Japanese expansion Late 1940 – Mid 1941 – Japan invaded French Indochina USA hits Japan with sanctions Stops selling ________________ to Japan ________________________________ December 1941 – Japanese Naval attacks on ________ _____________________________________________ Causes and Start of the War: Italy Mussolini ordered the invasion of _______ in October 1935 ________________________ did nothing! ________________________ did nothing! Causes and Start of the War: Germany Hitler Violated the Treaty of Versailles Repeatedly between 1935 – 1938 with Nobody Stopping Him! March 1935 – Military build-up March 1936 – Hitler ordered troops to occupy the ___________ ______________________________________ ____________ Hitler only warned by Britain, France, and Italy France did nothing Britain began policy of _________________ 1936 – Treaties with other powers: _________________________________________ Hitler had supported Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 Both Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco in ______________________ __________________________________ – anti-USSR/Communism agreement Causes and Start of the War: Germany Hitler Violated the Treaty of Versailles Repeatedly between 1935 – 1938 with Nobody Stopping Him! March 1938 – ________________________________ Austrian Chancellor forced to appoint Austrian Nazis to positions in Austrian Government _________________ assassinated by Nazi agents and action blamed on foreign agents This was used as a pretense for Austrian Nazis to “appeal to Germany for help against the foreign agents” German Army moved into Austria on ___________________ Austria Annexed on the next day Causes and Start of the War: Germany Hitler Violated the Treaty of Versailles Repeatedly between 1935 – 1938 with Nobody Stopping Him! September 1938 – ____________________________________ _________________________________________ Hitler made an ultimatum to the Czechoslovakian government that he would risk “world war” to allow the German people of the Sudetenland to join with Germany A peace conference was arranged by ________________________ ___________ to solve the crisis The Conference took place in Munich _________________________________________________________ participated The Agreement: Sudetenland Germany _____________________________________________________ _________________________________ Sovereignty of Czechoslovakia would be upheld Causes and Start of the War: Germany March 1939 Hitler sent troops into Czechoslovakia _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Mussolini sent troops into _______________ Hitler forced _____________ to give up the Germanspeaking city of Memel to Germany Hitler made it known that he wanted to annex the Polish Corridor and the city of Danzig _______________ vowed to declare war against Germany if they attacked Poland _________________ attempted to make an alliance with the USSR (but did not because Stalin wanted territory, too) Causes and Start of the War: Germany August 1939 – Hitler and Stalin sign the ______ _________________________________ Germany and USSR promise not to attack each other and remain neutral if either side gets involved in a war Germany promised ___________________________ ____________________________________ USSR promised ______________________________ __________________________ Poland Invaded on September 1, 1939 – _______________________________ Britain and France declared war on September 3, 1939 Part II: The Course of the War The War in Europe and North Africa September 1939 – April 1940: “Phony War” ________________________________________ April 9, 1940: German Blitzkrieg invasions of _________ ______________________ May 1940: Blitzkrieg invasions of ___________________ ______________________________ Allies caught off-guard and armies forced into the town of Dunkirk For some (unexplained) reason German advance halts temporarily ___________________________________________ __________________ became the new Prime Minister of Britain June 22, 1940: France Surrendered to Germany Northern France annexed by Germany Southern France (and French North Africa) _______________ ____________________________________________________ The War in Europe and North Africa 1940: USA out of War but Helps a Little: ___________________________________ – ways to lend and/or give Britain war materials August 1940: _____________ signed by Churchill and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt – pledge to work against “Nazi Tyranny” August - September 1940: The Battle of Britain The Plan = air superiority over Britain Invasion of Britain (____________________) Early stages – German attacks on British air defenses and dogfighting between _________________________ Later – nightly bombing of London and other British cities to weaken British Spirits _______________________ The War in Europe and North Africa Italy got involved unsuccessfully… In Southern Europe October 1940: _______________________________ _____________________ forces stopped Italian troops ____________________________ taken by Germany by 1941 Germany sent troops into ________ and conquered it (and _________________) by April, 1941 In Northern Africa December 1940: ___________________________________ ___________________ German tank commander ___________________________ and his Afrika Korps sent in by Hitler Afrika Korps pushed British army back into ______________ The War in Europe and North Africa June 22, 1941 – Germany invaded ___________ ____________________________ Within a few months, this massive invasion had almost destroyed the ______________ and had taken over about _____________________________ The Winter then set in _______________________________ under siege Stalin orders a _______________________________ Poor Planning – ___________________________________ Soviet Counteroffensive in December 1941 By the Summer of 1942 the Germans again were on the offensive in the Soviet Union The War in Europe and North Africa The Turning Points of the European and North African Part of the War In North Africa July 1942: British westward counteroffensive launched after ______________________ and his troops beat the Afrika Korps at ________________ November 1942: _______________ – US and Free French Armies invaded Morocco and Algeria and began a campaign moving eastward In the Soviet Union August 1942 – February 1943 – _______________ _________________________________________ __________________________ The War in Europe and North Africa January 1943: ___________________________ Churchill, Roosevelt and DeGaulle decide to attack __________ (“The soft underbelly” of the Axis) next July 1943: Invasion of Italy began August 1943: ______________________________ September 3, 1943: Allies move into the Italian Peninsula Italy Surrenders to Allies ______________________ “fires” Mussolini and imprisons him ____________________ became the new Prime Minister Italy joined the Allied side, but the Germans then quickly occupied most of the Italian peninsula Mussolini freed by a German commando raid and set up as a puppet dictator of German-controlled Northern Italy The War in Europe and North Africa November 1943: Two more conferences _____________________________ Churchill and Roosevelt met with Jiang Jeishi (leader of the Nationalist Government of China) Promised to help ___________________________________ ___________________________ Promised to preserve Nationalist control of China and elevate it to a global power after the War ___________________________ Churchill and Roosevelt met with Stalin The Plan ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Once Germany eliminated, then USSR would declare war on Japan The War in Europe and North Africa By June of 1944: _______________________ Operation Overlord Spring 1944: ______________________________ June 6, 1944: _____________________________ June – August 1944: Allied troops move into the interior of France August 25, 1944: ____________________________ August 1944 – March 1945: Offensive moved into Germany Allied advance temporarily halted by a desperate counteroffensive by the Germans = ____________________ Meanwhile, the Soviet Army was “liberating” eastern Europe from Nazi occupation as well The War in Europe and North Africa March 1945: Allied armies advancing on Germany from both West (British, French, USA) and East (Soviets) _________________________________________ Hitler killed himself in his Berlin bunker on April 30, 1945 ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Soviet and Allied Troops met at Elbe River Remaining German authorities surrendered on ___ _________________________________________ The War in The Pacific December 7, 1941: Japanese Attack on US Pacific Fleet Headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii USA declared war on Japan on December 8 ______________________________________________________ December 1941 – Spring 1942: Japan took over other parts of SE Asia and Pacific Islands ____________________________________________________ ______, Several Island groups in the Pacific put under Japanese control Thailand was forced into an alliance with Japan More Chinese territory taken, too ____________________________ – Japan wanted to make it look like they were helping these people escape colonialism Instead, Japan became the new colonizer The War in The Pacific The Turning Points May 7-8, 1942: ____________________________ June 4, 1942: _____________________________ Invasion of Australia prevented First Naval battle in the history of naval warfare not fought directly by ships, but by aircraft launched by ships! 4 Japanese aircraft carriers sunk Allied Navy gained naval superiority over Japan Fall 1942 – September 1944: 2 Major Operations “Island Hopping” to take islands back, eventually take Burma back, and then move into South China _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________________ Another “island hopping” campaign to take islands in succession to move within bombing range of Japan itself August 1942 – January 1943: ________________ November 1943: _____________ February 1944: __________________ Summer 1944: ________________________ September 1944: _____________ The War in The Pacific February 1945: _________________________ _________________________ March 1945: Tokyo Firebombed April 1945: Okinawa taken by Allies July 1945: _________________________ Stalin met with two new leaders USA – __________________________ GB – ________________________ Major Decision – the unconditional surrender of Japan The War in The Pacific The Dilemma: Japan Refused Surrender – What to do? Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan August 6, 1945: ___________________ _____________________ – would probably result in millions of deaths of soldiers (on both sides) and civilians ______________________________________ – technology largely untested Still no surrender August 9, 1945: ___________________ Japan Surrendered on August 14 Formal Surrender/Peace Treaty Signed on the _________________________ on September 2 (“V-J Day”) Part III: How War Affected People Examples of The War at Home: In the Soviet Union USSR invaded Soviets called WWII __________________________________ Caused huge resource shortages – some people had to eat mice or pets Huge Military and Industrial Mobilization – _________________________ Women played a significant part in both industry and the military (as soldiers and pilots) In The USA Never ________________________________________ Massive economic mobilization _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Demographic changes Racial Tensions _______________________________________ Japanese-Americans Put into Concentration Camps (NOT Death Camps) Examples of The War at Home: In Nazi Germany At first, no need to increase production (stuff taken from conquered countries) Later, after War’s turning points, production had to increase a lot Civilians had to deal with repeated bombing campaigns by Allies Women ________________________________________________ Firebombing of ________________________were very devastating In Japan Traditional roles of people upheld (under guidance of Prime Minister ___________________) People honored Emperor and obeyed him and government totally This should explain Kamikaze pilots’ actions! Women _______________________________________________ When Production was to be boosted Koreans and Chinese people used as slave laborers! Atrocities Committed by the Axis Powers: German Racially-Based Policies ______________________“Aryan” countries (Holland, Denmark, Norway, Slovakia) – Civilian governments run by Nazi sympathizers from these countries e.g. Vikdun Quisling in Norway _________________________ in conquered areas that had “inferior” races (like France) Policies for “undesirable” races: _________________________ _________________________ The Holocaust/”Final Solution” = genocide Atrocities Committed by the Axis Powers: German Racially-Based Policies Policies for “undesirable” races: The Holocaust/”Final Solution” = genocide Jews put into ghettos in German and German-conquered cities ____________________– death squads who rounded up Jews in the USSR during the German invasion Forced Jews to dig their own mass graves and then shot them Concentration/Death Camps Jews, Gypsies, Slavs (Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, etc.) homosexuals, and people with physical and mental disabilities systematically sent to these camps in railroad freight cars _______________________________________________ Some people used as slave laborers Most others executed in gas chambers and _______________________________________________ Atrocities Committed by the Axis Powers: Japanese Policies Colonies promised independence under Japanese Authority, but in reality each was controlled by a Japanese military colonial government Native Peoples _______________________________ Japan took ___________________from the colonies to fuel their war efforts Promotion of Japanese values and subordination of native customs that got in the way of the Japanese values Many Chinese and Korean peoples and Allied prisoners of war ______________________________ “The Rape of Nanking [Nanjing]” Part IV: Major Effects of the War and the Beginning of the Cold War Major Effects of the War ____________________people dead! War Crimes Trials for Axis authorities Most Famous ones = ___________________________________ Origins of the Cold War: ______________of February 1945 (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in the USSR right before Germany Surrendered) Germany to be divided into 4 zones of occupation Soviets allowed to control the eastern part of Poland, but Poland would be recreated from some parts of German territory Eastern Europe Liberated by USSR – Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe Divisions become the basis for the creation of ______________________________________________________ Stalin did not keep his promise from the Yalta Conference about free elections and the USSR set up puppet governments there Threat of ___________________________________________ Major Effects of the War Major Changes in Japan Political: Emperor forced to _____________________ Diet completely representative democratic body _____________________________________ Japan not allowed to have a military (and still is not to this day!) Economic more privatization of ______________________ Foreign (mostly US) aid helps Japan quickly recover and become a major economic powerhouse