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FASCISM RISES IN EUROPE FASCISM BELIEFS AND POLICIES FASCISM: EMPHISIZES LOYALTY TO THE STATE AND OBEDIENCE TO ITS LEADERS;PROMISED TO REVIVE THE ECONOMY, PUNISH THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR HARD TIMES, AND RESTORE NAT’L PRIDE. 4 FASCIST IDEAS SHARED: 1. LOYALTY TO ONE’S COUNTRY. 2. NATIONS MUST STRUGGLE B/C PEACEFUL STATES WOULD BE CONQUERED. 3. PLEDGE LOYALTY TO AUTHORITARIAN LEADERS. 4. WORE UNIFORMS OF SPECIFIC COLOR, USED SPECIAL SALUTES, AND HELD MASS RALLIES. FASCIST ITALY LEADER: BENITO MUSSOLINI; BOLDLY PROMISED TO RESCUE ITALY BY REVIVING ITS ECONOMY AND REBUILDING ITS ARMED FORCES. IN OCT. OF 1922 APPROX. 30,000 FASCIST MARCHED ON ROME AND DEMANDED THAT KING VICTOR EMMANUEL III PUT MUSSOLINI IN CHARGE OF THE GOVERNMENT. MUSSOLINI WAS THEN KNOWN AS EL DUCE HE ABOLISHED ALL OTHER PARTIES AND OUTLAWED DEMOCRACY. SECRET POLICE JAILED ALL OPPONENTS. ALL MEDIA AND PRINT COULD ONLY CIRCULATE FASCIST DOCTRINES;STRIKES WERE OUTLAWED. HITLER CONTROLS GERMANY LEADER: ADOLF HITLER: HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUT AND FAILED ARTIST; JOINED ARMY AND WAS TWICE AWARDED THE IRON CROSS FOR BRAVERY. AT THE END OF WWI HITLER JOINED A RIGHT WING POLITICAL GROUP CALLED THE NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY, LATER KNOWN AS THE NAZIS. NAZISM: GERMAN FORM OF FASCISM; ADOPTED THE SWASTIKA OR THE HOOKED CROSS AS ITS SYMBOL. HITLER’S SUCCESS AS AN ORGANIZER AND A SPEAKER LED HIM TO BE CALLED DER FUHRER OR THE LEADER OF THE NAZI PARTY. HITLER CONTROLS GERMANY HITLER AND THE NAZIS TRIED TO SIEZE POWER IN MUNICH BUT WERE UNSUCCESSFUL AND HITLER WAS ARRESTED AND JAILED. WHILE IN JAIL HITLER WROTE MEIN KAMPF: A BLUEPRINT FOR NAZI GERMANY; HIS BOOK STATED THAT ARYANS ( PERFECT RACE ) SHOULD BE SET ASIDE FROM NON-ARYANS ( INFERIOR PEOPLE, SUCH AS JEWS, SLAVS, AND GYPSIES) 1924 HITLER LEAVES PRISON TO REVIVE THE NAZI PARTY. WHEN AMERICAN LOANS CEASED, GERMAN UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE TO 30% AND CIVIL UNREST BROKE OUT; GERMAN PEOPLE THEN TURNED TO HITLER. PAUL VON HINDENBURG NAMES HITLER CHANCELLOR. ENABLING ACT: MADE HITLER THE ABSOLUTE RULER FOR FOUR YEARS. HITLER CREATES TWO GROUPS: 1. SCHUTZSTAFFEL: (SS) MILITANT GROUP LOYAL TO HITLER ONLY;IN 1934 BRUTALLY MURDERED HUNDREDS OF HITLER’S ENEMIES. 2. GESTAPO: HITLER’S SECRET POLICE;SCARED ALL OF GERMANY INTO OBEDIENCE. NAZIS CONTROLLED THE ECONOMY AND PUT GERMANS TO WORK BUILDING FACTORIES, HIGHWAYS, AND WEAPONS. UNEMPLOYMENT DURING HITLER’S REIGN DROPPED FROM 6 MIL. TO 1.5 MIL. HITLER’S LEADERSHIP: 1. ALL FORMS OF PRESS AND LIT. USED AS PROPAGANDA. 2. CHURCHES FORBIDDEN TO CRITICIZE THE NAZI PARTY. 3. ALL CHILDREN HAD TO JOIN HITLER’S YOUTH ORGANIZATION. HITLER PASSES ANTI-SEMITISM LAWS. KRISTALLNACHT: ( THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS )NOV. 9, 1938 NAZI MOBS ATTACKED JEWISH HOMES AND BUILDINGS; THIS SIGNALED THE START OF THE ELIMINATION OF THE JEWS. WORLD DRIFTS TOWARD WAR: KELLOG-BRAIND PACT: PACT B/N JAPAN AND CHINATO RESPECT THE BORDERS OF CHINA. JAPAN COMES UNDER MILITARY RULE AND TRIES TO RESTORE TRADITIONAL GOVERNMENT. JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA AND THEN N. CHINA. MUSSOLINI OVERTAKES ETHIOPIA. HITLER BEGINS TO REARM AGAINST THE REGULATIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES; BRITAIN AND FRANCE PRACTICE APPEASEMENT: THE ACT OF GIVING IN TO AN AGGRESSOR TO KEEP FROM WAR. WORLD DRIFTS TOWARD WAR: HITLER THEN OCCUPIES THE RHINELAND AND FRANCE DOES NOTHING. THE GERMAN REOCCUPATION OF THE RHINE GAVE HITLER THREE ADVANTAGES: 1.STRENGTHENED HITLER’S POWER AND PRESTIGE IN GERMANY. 2. BALANCE OF POWER NOW FAVORED GERMANY. 3. WEAK RESPONSE BY BRITAIN AND FRANCE ENCOURAGED HITLER. GERMANY JOINS W/ JAPAN AND ITALY TO FORM THE AXIS POWERS. WORLD DRIFTS TOWARD WAR: SPAIN ERUPTS INTO A CIVIL WAR AND SPAIN’S FASCIST LEADER FRANCISCO FRANCO IS HELPED BY HITLER AND MUSSOLINI. U.S. PRACTICES ISOLATIONISM: NO POLITICAL TIES W/ OTHER COUNTRIES. U.S. PASSES NUETRALITY ACTS THAT FORBIDS THE SALE OF ARMS TO ANY NATION AT WAR. NOV. 5, 1937 HITLER ANNOUNCED A PLAN TO TAKE AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND ADD THEM TO THE THIRD REICH. HITLER THEN TAKES AUSTRIA AND MOVES TOWARD CZECHOSLOVAKIA;MUSSOLINI THEN CALLS THE MUNICH CONFERENCE. WORLD DRIFTS TOWARD WAR: MUNICH CONFERENCE: MEETING B/N GERMANY, FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND ITALY. BRITISH PM NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN CONVINCES ALL PRESENT TO GIVE GERMANY THE SUDENTLAND IN EXCHANGE FOR HONORING THE CZECH BORDER. ALL AGREE BUT GERMANY BREAKS THE AGREEMENT SHORTLY AFTER IT IS SIGNED. RUSSIA THEN SIGNS A NON-AGGRESSION PACT WITH GERMANY AND ITALY.