Download Ch 35 - America in World War II

Chapter 35
America in
World War II,
1941–1945
I. The Allies Trade Space for Time
• Time was most needed
– America needed time to retool itself for war
– U.S. to send food and munitions to its allies
II. The Shock of War
• National unity was strong after Pearl Harbor
– Executive Order No. 9066
• Japanese internment (Korematsu v. U.S., 1944)
• War changed American’s mood
– The era of the New Deal was over
– U.S. government now put emphasis on action.
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III. Building the War Machine
• American economy snapped to attention
– War Production Board (WPB)
• Organized nation’s industrial /agricultural output
– The Office of Price Administration (OPA)
• Rationing, limit inflation / shortages
– The National War Labor Board (NWLB)
• Imposed ceilings on wage increases
• Labor conditions
– Labor union membership increased
– The Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (June, 1943)
• Feds could limit strikes
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IV. Manpower and Womanpower
• The armed service enlistments
– 15 million men, 216,000 women (noncombat)
– The Bracero program
• Imported Mexican agricultural workers
• 6 million women took jobs outside their homes
– Government set up 3,000 day-care centers
– The war foreshadowed an eventual revolution
• Women’s role in American society / business
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V. Wartime Migrations
• Demographic changes
– 15 million men and women moved permanently
– Urban areas grew, California’s population increased
• Blacks moved north & west (The Great Migration)
• Exodus of Native Americans from reservations
– Work in factories, joined military
• Served as “code talkers”
• Races rubbing together created racial friction
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VI. Holding the Home Front
• Americans on the home front suffered little
– More jons, higher wages
– Corporate profits doubled in one year
• The hand of the government touched lives more
– Draft, rationing, direct industry/agriculture
– Signaled era of big-government interventionism
• The conflict was phenomenally expensive
– The income tax expanded, rate rose as high as 90%
– The national debt skyrocketed
VII. The Rising Sun in the Pacific
• Early success of the efficient Japanese militarists
– Goal to win quickly (or they’d lose slowly)
• Japan controlled eastern & then SE Asia
• Japan expanded into the Pacific Ocean
– The Philippines
• Japanese Victory (Manila, Corregidor)
• Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps
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VIII. Japan’s High Tide at Midway
• Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942)
– Carrier-based battle, draw, stop Australian invasion
• Epochal Battle of Midway, (June, 1942)
– Pivotal battle & U.S. Victory
– Showed Japanese imperialists were overextended
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IX. American frogging Toward Tokyo
• America seized the initiative in the Pacific
– Island hopping strategy
• Bypassing heavily fortified Japanese islands
• Capturing nearby islands
– Bombing of Japan (Nov., 1944)
X. The Allied Halting of Hitler
• Allies win Battle of Atlantic (1942)
• Turning points against Hitler (1942-1943)
– German cities bombed by U.S. & G.B.
– Allied victory in North Africa
– Soviets stop Germans in Stalingrad
• Decisive battle in the east
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XI. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
• Allies attack "soft underbelly” of Europe (Italy)
• Casablanca Conference (FDR & Churchill Jan ‘43)
– Step up the Pacific war
– Invade Sicily
– Insist on “unconditional surrender” of the enemy
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XII. D-Day: June 6, 1944
• Soviets wanted a “second front” against Germany
– 20 million had died fighting against Nazi Germany
• D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy, France)
– Allied invasion of Nazi control Europe
– Largest military operation ever
– Paris liberated (August, 1944)
– Huge gains by U.S. tanks (Patton)
– Aachen, Germany captured (October 1944)
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XIII. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
• The presidential campaign of 1944
– Republicans: Thomas E.
– Democrats: FDR (the “indispensable man”)
XIV. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
• Results of the election:
– Roosevelt won a sweeping victory
– FDR victory 432 to 99 in the Electoral College
– FDR popular vote 25,606,585 to 22,014,745
– Deciding factors
• Successful war & future foreign policy issues
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XV. The Last Days of Hitler
• Battle of The Bulge
– Dec, 1944 (Ardennes Forest), Allied victory
• Elbe River(April 1945) U.S./Soviets clasped hands
• Holocaust publically revealed
– U.S. government had long been informed
• FDR dies, April 12, 1945
– Vice President Truman took the helm
• Adolf Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945
– May 7, 1945, Germany surrenders unconditionally
• May 8 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
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XVI. Japan Dies Hard
• Subs “The silent service”
– Destroyed 50% of Japan’s merchant fleet
• Giant bomber attacks were more spectacular
• U.S. (General MacArthur) Pacific victories
– Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944)
– Iwo Jima (March 1945)
– Okinawa (June 1945)
• Japanese suicide pilots (“kamikazes”)
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XVII. The Atomic Bombs
• The Potsdam Conference (Truman, Stalin, Churchill)
– Japan told surrender or die, USSR would invade
• The Manhattan Project developed the A-Bomb
– Tested July, 1945 near Alamogordo, New Mexico
– On August 6, 1945, U.S. bombed Hiroshima, Japan
– On August 8, Stalin entered the war against Japan
– On August 9 American aviators bomb Nagasaki
– On August 10, 1945 Tokyo sued for peace
• V-J (Victory in Japan) Day
– Official surrender Sept.2, 1945
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XVIII. The Allies Triumphant
• U.S. ~400,000 killed (USSR ~25 mil)
• Total war – more civilians killed than soldiers
• Keys to U.S. success
– More men, weapons, machines, technology, money
– American leadership (politically & militarily)
– Collaboration with other nations (mostly G.B.)
– Industrial production (Gov’t, owners & workers)
– Commitment to democracy
• U.S. Now the world’s leader (mil & econ)
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