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Ch. 13: Diversity, Conflict, and Union The ancient Greek and Roman civilizations and the Renaissance all began in Mediterranean Europe Ch. 13:1 - Ancient History The mild climate and physical features of southern Europe were partly responsible for the emergence of the Greek and Roman Empire in the mid-700s B.C. Greece the Birthplace of Democracy In about 2000 B.C., the Greeks in the city-state of Athens tried an experiment in rule by the people instead if by a king. Although democracy did not survive the upheaval of many wars, however, the Athenian system helped to inspire the United States patterns of government. The Roman Empire Rome established a republic where they elected representatives to rule in their name. The Roman empire grew to include most of western Europe, Great Britain, North Africa,and Palestine. The Dark Ages The Roman Empire in Europe went in to decline in the 300s AD and was overrun by Germanic tribes in 474. This invasion plunged Europe into the Dark Ages. Christianity Despite the fall of the Roman empire in the west, Christianity was spread out of Rome and across much of Europe. The Eastern Empire The Roman Empire continued to thrive in the east from the new capital of Constantinople. Over time, Christianity in the eastern empire began to differ greatly from Christianity in the West. In the western (Latin) Church, many pagan rituals were added to the practice of Christianity. The Eastern Church did not agree with this “alteration” of the faith. Great Schism In 1054 AD, a permanent split occurred within the Christian faith. Orthodox Christianity became a separate faith than the traditional Christian religion in the West. Italian City-States Beginning in 1096, a series of military campaigns were organized to reclaim the Holy Lands for Christianity. The Muslims had conquered the city of Jerusalem a couple centuries earlier. As a result of these Crusades, Italian merchants earned great profits as they entertained the crusaders on their journey to Palestine. Italian City-States The Italian cities of Florence and Venice became rich from banking and trade. This wealth helped lead these areas develop into prosperous city-states. The Renaissance As a result of contact with the Muslims, western Europe began to emerge out of the Dark Ages. A renewed interest and the arts led Europe into a period of rapid growth called the “Renaissance” . The word renaissance means “re-birth”. The Black Death Contact with others had detrimental consequences. In the early 1300s, a plague spread throughout Europe killing off nearly one-third of the population. Spain’s Empire In the 700s A.D., Muslims had conquered Spain and Portugal. For nearly 7 centuries, Spanish live under their influence. In the late 1400s, an initiative to return Spain to her Christian roots was undertaken. This is the period called the “reconquista”. Jews and Muslims were given the choice to convert to Christianity, leave Spain or die. Spain Seeks New Trade Routes During the era of the reconquista, Spain was looking for a trade route to India that would bypass the Muslims and Italians in the Mediterranean. In this pursuit, an Italian sailor, Christopher Columbus was hired. In his attempt to find a direct route to India, he stumbled upon the “New World”. Review Greeks – Democracy Romans – Republic Western Roman Empire Falls – Dark Ages Eastern Empire – Great Schism Crusades Renaissance Plague Spanish Reconquista – Spain seeks alternate trade routes Ch. 13-2: Western Europe The history of western Europe is connected to the Roman Empire. After the Roman Empire fell, small armies led by warrior kings had control over small territories. In the late 700s, a Germanic king, Charlemagne, was able to unite nearly all of Europe under his control. His legitimacy a supreme ruler was conveyed to him on a Christmas day as the Pope in Rome crowned him the emperor of the new Roman Empire. Feudalism and the Middle Ages After the death of Charlemagne, the unity among the people of Europe dissolved and small competing kingdoms reemerged. This period of time is known of the Middle ages. Reformation In the early 1500s, corruption within the Church led to a splintering of Christianity. Martin Luther, a priest, wrote a lengthy letter of protest against some of the Church’s questionable fund raising activities. This letter, the “95 Theses” was circulated throughout Europe sparking a move for reform. This is the historical period where Protestant Christianity developed. The Rise of Nationalism Feudalism gave way to a new spirit of nationalism. Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share the land, their culture and history. Nationalism Leads to War 100 Years War between France and Great Britain. (1300-1400s)) 7 Years war (mid 1700s) War of Austrian Succession (mid 1700s) French Revolution(1789-1814) Unification of Germany under Bismarck (1870s) WWI (1914-1919) WWII (1938-1945) Balkan Wars(1913 –1914) Crisis in the Balkans (1999) World War II 1939-1945 Nazi soldiers parading through Warsaw after the invasion of Poland. September 1939 Invasion of Jewish refugees in Poland Germany invades Europe A poster of a headline in The Star newspaper announces the German invasion of Norway, April 1940. London, England Invasion of Norway German Invasions The Fall of France-1940 May 10, 1940 German troops parade down Champs-Elysees after the fall of Paris. January 1, 1940. Battle of Britain July 10October 31, 1940 RAF Battle of Britain Map RAF and Luftwaffe Airbases Luftwaffe Pilot RAF Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 USS Arizona Memorial Tears of the Arizona Germany invades Soviet Union 1941 Germany breaks NonAggression Pact Stalingrad (July 17, 1942-February 2, 1943) Germany Advances 759,560 Soviet personnel were awarded this medal for the defence of Stalingrad from 22 December, 1942. Red Army soldier waves flag after victory Mother Motherland on Volga The aftermath D-Day June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Western Europe Targeted the beaches of Normandy in France Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the order of the Day. 'Full victory-nothing else' to paratroopers in England, just before they board their airplanes to participate in the first assault in the invasion of the continent of Europe." Eisenhower is meeting with US Co. E, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (Strike), photo taken at Greenham Common Airfield in England about 8:30 p.m. on June 5, 1944. U.S. Soldiers march through a southern English coastal town, en route to board landing ships for the invasion of France, circa late May or early June 1944. Crossing the English Channel to German occupied France A convoy of Landing Craft Infantry sails across the English Channel toward the Normandy Invasion beaches on "DDay", 6 June 1944. Each of these landing craft is towing a barrage balloon for protection against low-flying German aircraft. Landing supplies at Normandy The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. Aftermath Bloodiest battle of the War for the US Largest battle in US military history Malmedy Massacre-Germans execute American POWs The Philippines Fall-War in the Pacific Japan continues multiple offensives after Pearl Harbor Bataan Death March-April 1942 US and Filipino forces surrender to Japan, 75,000 prisoners are marched to prison camps Prisoners on burial detail at Camp O'Donnell. Prisoners on the march from Bataan to the prison camp, May 1942. Battle of the Coral Sea-May 1942 Large naval battle First primary use of aircraft carriers Airplanes fired on enemy ships Yorktown conducts aircraft operations in the South Pacific area sometime before the battle. A fleet oiler is in the near background. The Battle of Midway-June 1942 Crucial naval battle Helps Allies turn the tide on the Pacific front Midway Atoll, several months before the battle. Eastern Island (with the airfield) is in the foreground, and the larger Sand Island is in the background to the west. Battle of Guadalcanal (August 1942-February 1943) Land, sea, and air battle in the South Pacific Allies conquer Japanese territory The airfield at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal under construction by Japanese and Korean workers in July 1942. U.S. Marines come ashore on Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942. November 1942-United States Marines, likely from the 2nd Marine Division, rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign. Battle of Leyte Gulf-October 1944 Greatest naval battle in world history More than 280 warships Fought to control the Philippines The light aircraft carrier Princeton on fire, east of Luzon, 24 October 1944. Kamikazes First battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks. USS St. Lo explodes after kamikaze strike Battle of Iwo Jima (February-March 1945) Americans storm Japanese island of Iwo Jima Costly battle, Americans met with fierce resistance from the outnumbered Japanese US Marines land on Iwo Jima Americans storm the volcanic island U.S. flag over Mount Suribachi Battle of Okinawa (April-June 1945) One major island closer to Japanese mainland Costliest Pacific battle for Americans, 50,000 casualties USS Bunker Hill hit by kamikazes piloted by Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa and another man on May 11, 1945. 372 personnel were killed from a crew of 2,600. Faces of the Kamikaze Pilots Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa posing before he killed himself in a kamikaze attack on the USS Bunker Hill (see above) on May 11, 1945. May 26, 1945. Corporal Yukio Araki, holding a puppy, with four other pilots of the 72nd Shinbu Squadron at Bansei, Kagoshima. Araki,17, died the following day in a suicide attack on ships near Okinawa. Kamikaze attack on the USS Missouri. About to be hit, while operating off Okinawa on 11 April 1945. The plane hit the ship's side below the main deck, causing minor damage and no casualties on board the battleship. A 40 mm quad gun mount's crew is in action in the lower foreground. Hiroshima 広島市 -August 6, 1945 First use of nuclear warfare 80,000 dead Thousands more would die from the effects of the radiation Enola Gay Dropped a single atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 The atomic cloud of “Little Boy” over Hiroshima The Aftermath Nagasaki 長崎市 – August 9, 1945 Three days after Hiroshima the second atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped 40,000 dead Many more due to radiation Aug. 9, 1945 Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 60,000 feet into the air The energy released by the bomb was powerful enough to burn through clothing. The dark portions of the garments this victim wore at the time of the blast were emblazoned on to the flesh as scars, while skin underneath the lighter parts (which absorb less energy) was not damaged as badly. Before and After VJ-Day August 15, 1945 (Aug. 14 in North America) Emperor Hirohito reading out the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War. Surrender Ceremony Representatives of Japan stand aboard the USS Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender. Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the Allied Powers Official Surrender September 2, 1945 Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri as General Richard K. Sutherland watches. Estimated World War II Deaths Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Germany 3,250,000 2,350,000 5,600,000 Italy 226,900 60,000 286,900 Japan 1,740,000 393,400 2,133,400 France Great Britain United States Soviet Union 122,000 470,000 592,000 305,800 60,600 366,400 405,400 --------- 405,400 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000 China 1,400,000 8,000,000 9,400,000 Country Axis Allies SOURCE: World War II: A Statistical Survey Casualties of War Holocaust- 6 million Jews were exterminated at the hands of the Nazis Communism-Berlin Wall After WWII, Berlin, Germany was split into 4 quarters. One of those quarters was communist, the other three were capitalistic. In order to keep people from leaving the soviet quarter a wall was built to keep the people in. This wall came down in 1989 as communism itself in Europe gasped its last breath.