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World War II Early Challenges to World Peace Japan’s War in China Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing Ariel bombing of urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 7,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed 2 Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria; Withdraws from League of Nations World Reaction?: W. nations did not want to get involved b/c they had their own problems to deal with Result: Continue aggression Early Challenges to World Peace Chinese Resistance Japanese aggression spurs “United Front” policy between Chinese Communists and Nationalists Guerilla warfare ties down half of the Japanese army Yet continued clashes between Communists and Nationalists Communists gain popular support, upper hand by end of the war 5 Early Challenges to World Peace Oct. 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed Also takes Libya, Albania World Reaction?: League of Nations ordered sanctions against Italy Refused to sell them weapons, continued to sell them oil Refused to get involved for fear of another conflict Early Challenges to World Peace Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) withdraws from League of Nations Remilitarizes Germany Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) 8 Early Challenges to World Peace July 1936: Spanish Civil War Begins March 1936: German troops occupy Rhineland Oct. 1936 Hitler & Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940), Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941) Early Challenges to World Peace Munich Conference (1938) Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany meet Allies follow policy of appeasement Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) promises “peace for our time” Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939) 10 Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1938: Munich Conference Hitler promised British Prime Minister Chamberlain he would leave Europe alone if given Sudetenland (appeasement) Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1938: Munich Conference Oct. 1938 – Germany occupies Sudetenland 6 Months Later – Takes all of Czechoslovakia – clear at this point appeasement won’t work Early Challenges to World Peace Aug. 1939: Hitler & Stalin sign Nazi-Soviet Pact Advantages for Hitler: Removal of threat of attack from the east Division of Poland Advantages for Stalin: Division of Poland Takeover of Finland & Baltic countries Safety from German attack Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland Hitler’s Strategy: Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” Use fast-moving mechanized weapons Planes, Tanks, Artillery, Infantry – all at ONCE!!! Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping Poland fell in ONE month! Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 3, 1939: Britain & France Declare War on Germany WORLD WAR II OFFICIALLY BEGINS!!! Who's Who & Who's on Whose Side?? AXIS POWERS Germany - Hitler Italy - Mussolini Japan - Tojo, Hirohito Spain - Franco Axis Military Le aders Germany: Gen. Erwin Rommel "The Desert Fox" Japan: Admiral Yamamoto Head of Japanese Naval Fleet ALLIED POWERS France - de Gaulle Britain - Churchill USSR - Stalin USA - FD Roosevelt Allied Military Leaders USA: Gen. Dwig ht Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Gen. Dou glas MacArth ur Allied Comman der in Pacific Gen. George S . Patton British: Gen. B. M ontgomery The European Campaign April 1940: Hitler invades Denmark & Norway; Heads for France Hitler’s Plan: Pave a way to France & distract Allies by invading Holland, Belgium, & Luxembourg, then send massive force through the Ardennes Forest The European Campaign The Fall of France 1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France Pave a way to France & distract Allies by invading Holland, Belgium, & Luxembourg, then send massive force through the Ardennes Forest Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918 18 The European Campaign June 1940: France Surrenders What Happened at Dunkirk?: Britain rescued Allied soldiers stranded at Dunkirk & ferried them to safety across the English Channel The European Campaign July 1940: Battle of Britain What Happened?: German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed British cities for 3 months “The Blitz” 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially London Goal: Hitler wanted to destroy British morale before invading Outcome: RAF fighters & British resistance forced Germany to call off the attack – Hitler could be stopped! The European Campaign Sept. 1940 Italy moves to seize Egypt & Suez Canal Feb. 1941 Hitler sends Gen. Rommel to help Italian troops seize Egypt & Suez Canal The European Campaign June 1941: Operation Barbarossa Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad 22 (ends February 1943) High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and North Africa 23 The European Campaign July 1942: Battle of El Alamein What Happened?: Gen. Montgomery vs. Gen. Rommel Forced Rommel and his forces to retreat westward from Egypt Operation Torch: Gen. Eisenhower arrived with American troops in N. Africa The European Campaign July 1942: Battle of El Alamein Result: Trapped Rommel’s forces b/w American & British & finally defeated Rommel’s Afrika Korps The European Campaign July 1942-Feb.1943: Battle of Stalingrad Outcome: Hitler attacked, Soviets eventually put German forces on defensive with Soviets pushing them westward The European Campaign July 1942-Feb.1943: Battle of Stalingrad Comparison to Napoleon: In both invasions, Russia’s terrible winter & its strategy of destroying everything in the enemy’s path created severe hardships for the invaders The European Campaign Sept. 1943: Invasion of Italy Outcome: Resulted in Allied conquest of Sicily & forced eventual surrender of Italy The European Campaign Nov.-Dec. 1943 Tehran Conference Tehran Conference When? November 28-December 1, 1943 Tehran Conference Members Present? Franklin Roosevelt (USA) Winston Churchill (Britain) Joseph Stalin (USSR) Tehran Conference Purpose of Meeting? Coordinate military strategy against Germany & Japan Decide on important issues of postWWII era Tehran Conference What was decided? Coordination of D-Day invasion Poland’s post-war borders First discussions about splitting up Germany into zones of occupation First discussions of the future United Nations between Stalin & FDR *Many issues left for final decisions at later conferences The European Campaign June 6, 1944: D-Day Invasion Outcome: 800,000 Allies landed at Normandy Beach Opened a 2nd front in Europe Led to liberation of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, & much of Netherlands from Nazi occupation The European Campaign Dec. 1944: Battle of the Bulge Outcome: German’s final attack in Ardennes Forest Patton marched his army 100 miles in 2 days & attacked w/ 3 division to save the line Resulted in heavy losses for Hitler The European Campaign Feb. 1945: Yalta Conference Yalta Conference When? February 4-11, 1945 Yalta Conference Members Present? Franklin Roosevelt (USA) Winston Churchill (Britain) Joseph Stalin (USSR) Yalta Conference Purpose of Meeting? Make final decisions about the end of the war Yalta Conference What was decided? Divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by Allied military forces Germany must pay the USSR Stalin agreed to join war against Japan 90 days after end of war in Europe Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe The European Campaign April 1945: Leaders Fall Italy: Mussolini captured & killed by Italians USA: April 12: President Roosevelt dies & VicePresident Harry Truman becomes President Germany: April 30: Hitler & other top Nazis commit suicide The European Campaign May 8, 1945: V-E Day (Victory in Europe) Germany surrenders July-Aug. 1945 Potsdam Conference Allied Victory in Europe Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in France US, Britain bomb German cities Dresden, February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, 8 May Germany surrenders 44 US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to Allies, leases naval bases in return US freezes Japanese assets in US US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (18841948) plans for war with US 45 Pacific Campaign Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor What Happened? Japanese launched surprise attack sinking or damaging almost the entire U.S. Pacific fleet – used kamikazes (suicide pilots) Pacific Campaign Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor Outcome of the Attack? U.S. declares war on Japan Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” Destroyed US Navy in the Pacific Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on December 11 US joins Great Britain and the USSR 48 Wreckage from Pearl Harbor 49 Japanese Victories Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands Establishes “Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere” 50 Pacific Campaign Dec. 1941-May 1942: Battle of the Philippines What Happened? Japan invaded Philippine Islands Filipinos & U.S. under Gen. Douglas MacArthur defended the islands General Douglas MacArthur Pacific Campaign Dec. 1941-May 1942: Battle of the Philippines Outcome/Significance of the Battle? Japan wins Perseverance of U.S. & Filipino defense delayed Japanese attacks on other areas Pacific Campaign Fall of Southeast Asian Colonies What Happened? Through a planned series of attacks, Japan seized control of rich European colonies Ex: French Indochina, British Hong Kong Significance of the Attack? Helped Japan replenish depleted resources Pacific Campaign April 1942: Doolittle’s Raid on Japan What Happened? As revenge for Pearl Harbor, U.S. sent 16 B-25 bombers to bomb Japanese cities, mainly Tokyo Pacific Campaign April 1942: Doolittle’s Raid on Japan Significance of the Attack? Showed that Japan could be attacked Raised American morale Pacific Campaign May 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea What Happened? Following interception of Japanese attack on Port Moresby, Japanese & American naval fleets fought to a draw (nobody won) Pacific Campaign May 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea Significance of the Battle? Introduced a new kind of naval warfare using only airplanes Stopped Japan’s expansion southward Pacific Campaign June 1942: Battle of Midway What Happened? American carrier planes defeated Japanese fleet poised to attack Midway Island, a key American airfield Pacific Campaign June 1942: Battle of Midway Significance of the Battle? Reversed the tide of the war in the Pacific Pacific Campaign Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal What Happened? U.S. Marines, with Australian support, seized Japanese airfield & fought on land & sea for control of island Pacific Campaign Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal Significance of the Battle? Forced Japan to abandon island Began MacArthur’s island-hopping counterattack • Hop past Japanese Strongholds- seize islands that were not well defended but close to Japan Pacific Campaign Oct. 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf Wiped out Japanese Navy Turning the Tide in the Pacific US code breaking operation Magic discovers Japanese plans Battle of Midway (4 June 1942) US takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy Iwo Jima and Okinawa Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for Okinawa 63 Pacific Campaign Feb.-March 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima U.S. Marines raise the Stars and Stripes after their victory at Iwo Jima Pacific Campaign March-June 1945: Battle of Okinawa Resulted in heavy losses for Japanese Moved Allies closer to an invasion of Japanese homeland Pacific Campaign Aug. 1945: Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki Aug. 6: Truman decides to drop bomb on Hiroshima (attempt to save lives) Pacific Campaign Aug. 1945: Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki Aug. 9: Second bomb dropped on Nagasaki Aug. 10: VJ-Day (Victory in Japan) – Japan surrenders!! Nazi Genocide and the Jews Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts Other groups also slated for destruction: Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses Nazis initially encouraged Jewish emigration Few countries willing to accept Jewish refugees Aborted plans to deport Jews to Madagascar, reservation in Poland 68 The Final Solution Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) follow German army into USSR with Operation Barbarossa Round up of Jews and others, machine-gun executions of 1.4 million Later in 1941 decided on “Final Solution:” deportation of all European Jews to Death Camps Plans solidified at Wannsee Conference, January 1942 69 The Holocaust Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942 Destination: six specially designed Death Camps in Eastern Europe Technologically advanced, assembly-line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B) Corpses destroyed in crematoria Estimated number of Jews killed: 5.7 million 70 The Holocaust in Europe, 19331945 71 Jewish Resistance German policy of collective punishment, generations of life as a minority hamper Jewish resistance efforts Yet ghetto uprisings, armed conflict nevertheless Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, spring 1943 Jews in partisan guerilla units 72 The Holocaust Who…? …were the victims of the Holocaust? Non-Aryan peoples, primarily Jews, but also Gypsies, Slavs, etc. The Holocaust Who…? …were members of the “master race”? Aryans The signs read: “Germans! Defend Yourselves! Do not buy from Jews!” The Holocaust What…? …were the Nuremberg Laws? German laws depriving Jews of rights to citizenship & jobs The Holocaust What…? …happened on the night of November 9, 1938? On Kristallnacht, the Nazis launched a violent attack on Jewish communities all over Germany The Holocaust What…? …was Hitler’s “Final Solution”? Systematic killing of entire groups of people, particularly Jews, whom the Nazis saw as inferior The Holocaust Where…? …did German Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror? France, Britain, USA, & other countries The Holocaust Where…? …were Jews forced to live in Germancontrolled cities? In ghettos – segregated Jewish areas The Holocaust Where…? …were the concentration camps? Mainly in Germany & Poland The Holocaust Why…? …did Hitler believe that Jews & other “subhumans” had to be exterminated? To protect the purity of the Aryan race The Holocaust Why…? …did the Germans build extermination camps? To carry out mass murders in huge gas chambers The Holocaust When…? …did the final stage of the Final Solution begin? Early 1942 The Holocaust How…? …did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism? By hiding Jews in their homes or helping them escape to neutral countries Anne Frank The Holocaust How…? …many Jews died in the Holocaust? Approximately 6,000,000 Nuremberg Trials Nazis put on trial for crimes against humanity (events of Holocaust) Goal was to punish Nazi officials using a democratic system Japanese Internment Camps in the United States Japanese-Americans placed in camps Why? – feared they were enemies or spies after bombing at Pearl Harbor Potsdam Conference When? July 17-August 2, 1945 Potsdam Conference THE BIG THREE Members Present? Harry Truman (USA) Joseph Stalin (USSR) Winston Churchill & later Clement Attlee (Britain) Potsdam Conference Purpose of Meeting? Clarify agreements from Yalta Potsdam Conference What was decided? Potsdam Declaration Unconditional surrender of Japan Japanese disarmament, establishment of democratic government Postwar European borders (especially Poland) Deaths During World War II (millions) 0.3 0.4 6 6 20 2 4 15 USSR China Germany Japan Poles Britain US Jews 92 Formation of the United Nations The Beginning Stalin & FDR secretly discussed ideas for U.N. at Tehran Conference 1944: Britain, China, USSR, & U.S. met in D.C. & drafted the 1st charter Formation of the United Nations First Meeting April 1945 in San Francisco Delegates from 50 nations worked for 2 months to develop the official charter Formation of the United Nations Details & Purpose Purpose: peacekeeping organization designed to protect its members against aggression Permanent Members of Security Council: USA, Britain, USSR, France, China Origins of the Cold War US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II Tensions submerged until close of war Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of International Military Tribunal Free elections for Eastern Europe Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends 97 The Truman Doctrine (1947) World divided into free and enslaved states US to support all movements for democracy “containment” of Communism NATO and the Warsaw Pact established Militarization of Cold War 98 Marshall Plan for Europe Who…? …proposed the plan? U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall Marshall Plan for Europe When…? …did he propose the plan? 1947 Marshall Plan for Europe What…? …did he propose the U.S. needed to do? Give aid to needy European countries Provide food, machinery, & other materials to rebuild Western Europe & stop Soviet expansion Truman signs Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan Named for George C. Marshall (18801989), US Secretary of State Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve international disputes 102 MacArthur’s Plan for Japan Demilitarization Disbanded Japanese armed forces Left Japanese with small police force MacArthur’s Plan for Japan Democratization Created a gov’t elected by the people Set up a constitutional monarchy b/c Japanese wanted to keep emperor MacArthur’s Plan for Japan Other Reforms Land ownership was expanded Independent labor unions had the right to form Increase participation of workers & farmers in new democracy Varieties of Wartime Occupation Independent States with enforced alliances Thailand, Denmark Puppet States Manchukuo, Vichy France Military Administration Indochina, Poland 106 Collaboration For some, opportunity for social mobility under conquerors Sometimes considered a lesser evil than military administration 107 Resistance Military forms of resistance Intelligence gathering Protecting refugees Symbolic gestures German, Japanese policies of collective punishment 108 Women and the War WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service) US, Great Britain bar women from serving in combat units Soviet, Chinese forces include women fighters Women very active in resistance movements 109 Women’s Roles Women occupy jobs of men away at war Also take on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displace women Yet lasting impact on women’s movement 110 “Comfort Women” Asian women forced into prostitution by Japanese forces 20/30 men per day, in war zones “Comfort Houses,” “Consolation Centers” Killed when infected with venereal disease Large-scale massacres at end of war to hide crimes Social ostracism for survivors 111