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World War II Chapters 16 and 17 Dictators Threaten World Peace Following World War l Many hoped the world would be safe for democracy; Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” The United States did not join the League of Nations; the League was weak Germans resented being blamed for World War I; upset about losing territory they thought was German Soviet Union (Russia) resented the new nations created out of former Russian territory Rise of Totalitarian Dictators Totalitarian Government: a govt with complete control over its citizens; individuals have no rights Joseph Stalin-Soviet Union Benito Mussolini-Italy Adolf Hitler-Germany Francisco Franco-Spain Joseph Stalin-Communism Came to power in 1924 Very ruthless Wanted no private business ownership or private farms Government took over industry Anyone criticized him, that person was arrested or put to death Benito Mussolini-Fascism Strong centralized govt lead by a dictator Did not run factories or farms, but ran all aspects of Italian life Italy was very militaristic; invaded and captured Ethiopia Adolf Hitler-Nazism Nazi Party gained power in Germany in 1932 Combined extreme nationalism, racism, and imperialism Hitler continued Appealed to many Germans/ much depression and unemployment Wanted to unite all German-speaking people into a new German empire, or Reich Believed Germans, especially “Aryans” were a master race Meant to have power over all inferior races Hitler became “chancellor” Japan Also became very aggressive when military leaders took over Japan-wanted more land and resources Spain Francisco Franco-became a totalitarian leader in 1939 Formed a fascist government In the United States Recovering from the Great Depression Isolationism became more popular Congress passed Neutrality Acts; no loans or arms sales to nations at war FDR spoke out against isolationism; said that peace-loving nations should take a stand against lawless nations War in Europe Munich Pact 1938; Sudetenland (many Germanspeaking people lived there) in Czechoslovakia was given to Hitler Winston Churchill-prime minister of Great Britain called the pact “dishonorable appeasement” Predicted appeasement would lead to war Appeasement: Trying to pacify an aggressor in order to keep peace German/Soviet Union NonAggression Pact Stalin and Hitler said that neither would attack the other Both agreed to attack, invade and divide Poland World War II Axis Germany Italy Japan Bulgaria Hungary Allies Great Britain France United States (After Pearl Harbor-1941) Soviet Union (eventually) German Offensive World War II began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland Many Jews lived in Poland Blitzkrieg: “lightning war”; the Germans attacked by surprise using tanks and planes Wanted to crush the enemy quickly German Attack on France May 1940 Italy attacked France from the south France surrendered June 1940 Vichy government: puppet Nazi government that controlled France in the south Battle of Britain August 1940 Germans bombed London night after night Radar first used by the British to detect German planes Britain never surrendered Germany gave up the idea of invading Britain The Holocaust Hitler wanted to make Germany racially pure Jews were blamed for German failure and frustration Many Jews were professionals=lawyers, business people, doctors, etc. Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews Holocaust Continued Jews were forced to wear yellow stars of David on clothing America rejected many Jewish refugees as well Final Solution: Healthy Jews were sent to slave labor camps The rest were sent to extermination and concentration camps Holocaust Continued Jews, homosexuals, communists, gypsies, mentally and physically disabled were rounded up and sent to these camps 1941, 6 death camps were built in Poland 6,000 killed daily Auschwitz was the most severe 11 million people were killed as a result America moves toward war November 1939, the Neutrality Acts were amended; allowed Britain and France to transport American arms “All aid short of war” sent to help the British U.S. military forces were weak First peacetime draft passed in September 1940 Continued President Franklin Roosevelt said that the United States would not enter war, unless attacked June 1941, U.S. Navy ordered to protect lend-lease ships Atlantic Charter U.S. and Great Britain-statement of goals for fighting WW II, although the U.S. was not yet at war Winston Churchill-Prime Minister of Great Britain Called for peace and for all countries to choose their own government United States and Japan Hideki Tojo- Japanese Prime Minister and militant general Japan needed American oil to run war machine U.S. cut off oil exports to Japan when Japan invaded Indochina Japan began peace talks with U.S., but secretly prepared for war Continued During peace talks, December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base in Hawaii Over 2,400 killed Planes and ships destroyed Congress declared war on Japan, then Italy and Germany declared war on U.S. The United States would fight a war on 2 fronts America Enters WW II War was fought on 2 fronts-Europe and the Pacific Many soldiers were needed 5 million volunteered; 10 million drafted Many minorities fought-Native Americans, Hispanics, AfricanAmericans WAAC Women’s Auxillary Army Corps Created to free more men for combat Women served in the military, but did not get the same pay or benefits (nurses and radio operators) Never fought in combat situations Wartime Industry Unemployment numbers significantly decreased Automakers made planes, tanks, and other vehicles Many women worked in these industries while men fought in the war American Home Front During World War II Government recruited scientists to develop medicines and new weapons –The result was radar, sonar, penicillin and other drugs, and the atomic bomb Home Front Continued Ways Americans supported the war effort: –Bought war bonds (liberty bonds) –People collected scrap metal and newspapers –Many scarce goods were rationed Meat, gasoline, sugar, etc. Scrap Metal Drives War Ration Book Home Front Continued Women greatly contributed to the war effort –“Rosie the Riveter” Families planted “victory gardens” Propaganda was used to encourage Americans to support the war Rosie the Riveter Propaganda to encourage women to support the war effort American Propaganda American Propaganda American Propaganda American Propaganda Japanese Americans Many in the United States were fearful Japanese Americans were working against Americans About 110,000 were confined and sent to internment camps; about 2/3’s were actually nisei, or American born U.S. citizens Japanese Internment Camps War Relocation Camps-Internment Camps Important Events in World War II World War II begins when Germany invades Poland-1939 Japan attacks the United States at Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941 German invasion of Soviet Union-19421943-Battle of Stalingrad-Germans unsuccessful Germany was pushed out of the Soviet Union and North Africa-1943 Continued D-Day: June 6, 1944- the largest land-sea-air operation in history; planned by General Dwight D. Eisenhower; also known as Operation Overlord –Allies landed at Normandy Beach to try to liberate (free) Western Europe from the Germans and Axis powers Continued Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945; Vice President Harry S. Truman would take office The Soviets reach Berlin in April 1945; Germany surrendered and Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 Continued May 8, 1945; VICTORY IN EUROPE day; known as VE Day –The first part of the war was over War in the Pacific The strategy in the Pacific was called island hopping The plan was to attack less welldefended islands that Japan controlled in the Pacific and eventually get to the main island of Japan There were many casualties in the Pacific Major American victories in the Pacific Coral Sea Midway Guadalcanal Iwo Jima Okinawa U.S. feared very high casualties if mainland of Japan was invaded Americans at Iwo Jima Use of the Atomic Bomb Manhattan Project: secret code name for the creation of the Atomic Bomb Many were divided about whether or not to use the bomb August 6, 1945: First atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan Atomic Bomb Continued August 9, 1945: When Japan did not surrender, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan By the end of 1945, an estimated 200,000 were dead in Japan as a result Results of World War II The economy boomed during World War ll Many women entered the workforce for the first time Marriage rate boomed during the war Divorce rate also increased as servicemen returned home Results Continued GI Bill: allowed veterans to attend college or technical school with paid tuition African Americans began striving harder for equal rights Japanese Americans suffered greatly The United Nations was created in 1945