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Chapter 9 The Postwar World Lesson 1: The World is Divided Europe and Japan After the War World War II caused a lot of damage. Many European cities were left in ruin Many people found themselves without food or clothing Many had no place to live There was little money for rebuilding Aggressor person or nation that starts a war Europe and Japan After the War Japan adopted a democratic form of government and became an ally of the United States Meeting in the Soviet Union Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill held a meeting to decide on what to do with Europe. the Soviet Union took over most of Eastern and Central Europe including eastern Germany, Finland, and Poland. Meeting in the Soviet Union The United States agreed to put advisors in western Germany and Japan to help their recovery The Soviet Union and the United States became the worlds most powerful nations They were now superpowers The Marshall Plan A plan was devised for the United States to help countries in need. The United States would offer assistance with funds, food and materials This plan of recovery to help others after World War II was called The Marshall Plan The United Nations In April 1945, representative from 50 states met in San Francisco, California They wanted to promote global cooperation to try and keep terrible wars in the future. They formed the United Nations (UN) Communism a political and economic system in which the government owns all of the businesses and land. Individuals have little personal freedom. The Soviet Union is controlled by a communist government Differences the United States had a democratic government that promoted personal freedoms The West valued human rights and wanted to work for peace The Soviet Union did not share the same ideals There were two many differences ideology - beliefs The Iron Curtain a term used to describe the closing off of the Soviet Union. a line that divides that part of Europe that is communist with the part of Europe that is noncommunist NATO Truman worked to strengthen the nations of Western Europe One way was the Marshall Plan Another way was the formation of a military alliance with the nations of Western Europe. This alliance was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) The countries of NATO promised to help each other if their was an attack by the Soviet Union The Berlin Airlift Berlin, the capital of Germany was also divided and in order to control west Berlin all traffic into West Berlin was stopped. No food was allowed in. The soviets even cut off electricity. Stalin hopped to bring the entire city under communist control The Americans and British would not allow the West Berliners to starve and they had food and fuel Airlifted into Berlin. The Blockade was lifted in May 1949, but the Soviets kept East Berlin closed off from West Berlin Cold War A struggle between the noncommunist west and the communist east led to the Cold War There was no direct attacking of one country by another. It was waged all over the world sometimes with words, and money and sometimes with weapons. Propaganda A systematic effort to spread opinions or beliefs A key element of the Cold War Radio Free America would broadcast messages to people behind the Iron Curtain that were lies. Lesson 2: Boom Years at Home A Growing Economy In the late 1940s and 1950s, industries that had produced war materials now turned their resources into producing consumer goods The economy became strong as consumers bought more goods As consumers bought more goods industries grew which created new jobs Suburbs The housing market had slowed down during the war. Now, builders bought land on the outskirts of cities and built affordable family houses. Suburbs, communities near the edge of a city, could be found all over the country The Changing Workplace Improvements came in the way of health care, retirement plans, and shorter work hours. 1950, union memberships increased as more jobs were created AFL-CIO – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merged This merger brought together 85 percent of all American Union members and became the largest labor organization in the nation G.I. Bill The United States wanted to help veterans returning home from the war because of all they had done On June 22, 1944 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the G.I. Bill of Rights This law provided benefits to help veterans succeed in civilian society Consumer Credit credit used to buy goods that are consumed or used up such as food and clothing rather than for investments paid back with monthly payments Credit Card – allows the card owner to charge goods and services along with an extra fee, over a period of time Commute The trip they needed to travel to work New highways built with tax money were crowded with automobiles going into and out of the cities on a daily basis. Lesson 3: Cold War Conflicts The Korean War In 1950, the Cold War turned violent in North Korea and South Korea. North Korea established a communist government with the support of the Soviet Union. June 25th, 1950 North Korean forces invaded South Korea. They wanted to unite the country under a communist government. South Koreans did not want to be communist The Korean War The United Nations wanted North Korea to withdraw their troops, but the invasion continued. Truman sent troops to protect South Korea. He did not want them to fall under Soviet control The Korean War begins The Red Scare Some people liked the idea of communism. By 1919 the American Communist Party contained 70,000 members. Red – was the official color of the Communist Party This caused many Americans to panic. The Red Scare was used to describe this panic The Arms Race A race to build more and better weapons than your enemy Both the United States and the Soviet Union built atomic bombs These bombs were also known as nuclear weapons The Cuban Missile Crisis In 1959, Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in Cuba. Castro developed a communist government Cuba became the first communist nation in the Western Hemisphere John F. Kennedy, elected President in 1960, spent much of his time dealing with Cold War conflicts The Cuban Missile Crisis this was one of these most dangerous conflicts American spy planes discovered that the Soviets were setting up nuclear missiles in Cuba – just 90 miles from the coast of Florida. Kennedy insisted that the Soviets remove their missiles from Cuba Kennedy declared that the Navy would block Soviet ships from bringing any more weapons to Cuba It looked like the world’s two superpowers were moving closer to nuclear war The Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba Both American and Soviet Leaders realized how close they came to fighting a disastrous war. Question 1 Why was Hitler’s rise to power dangerous for countries bordering Germany? Answer to Question 1 Hitler promised to expand Germany’s boundaries. Question 2 Why do you think Germans were attracted to Hitler’s claim that they were better than other people? Answer to Question 2 They had been humiliated by their defeat in World War I and also due to the economic crisis they needed something to believe in Question 3 Why was the rise of dictators a cause for concern in the 1930’s? Answer to Question 3 Because dictators threatened the peace of other countries since they wanted to gain territory by conquering other countries. Question 4 List three events that led to the start of World War II. Answer to Question 4 Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan joined together Axis powers began to invade and take over other countries Germany ignored threats of war and invaded Poland Question 5 Why did many Americans support isolationism when World War II began? Answer to Question 5 Many people still remembered World War I and wanted to avoid armed conflict Question 6 Why do you think Japan decided to strike the base at Pearl Harbor? Answer to Question 6 The ships at Pearl Harbor were close enough to Japan that it was likely that the ships would become involved in any fighting against Japan. Question 7 How did the United States government respond to the attack on Pearl Harbor? Answer to Question 7 The United States government quickly went to war against Japan Question 8 Why did the United States send military supplies to the Soviet Union? Answer to Question 8 The Soviet Union came under attack by the Germans and therefore became one of the allies. Question 9 What kind of supplies did the United States send to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program? Answer to Question 9 Trucks, radios, boots, and canned meat Question 10 Why did the United States need to draft millions of soldiers? Answer to Question 10 The United States did not have the troops needed to fight the war. LESSON 2: THE HOME FRONT Question 1 Why was American Industry important to the Allied war effort? Answer to Question 1 It gave the Allies the military equipment that they needed in their war effort Question 2 In what sense did the outbreak of World War II help the United States? Answer to Question 2 It brought about the end to the Great Depression Question 3 Between which two years was the largest drop in unemployment in the United States? Answer to Question 3 Between 1941 and 1942 Question 4 What new opportunities did women have during World War II? Answer to Question 4 serve in the military work outside of their home in factories to participate in professional baseball. Question 5 How did Americans respond to food shortages during the war? Answer to Question 5 Americans rationed food and planted gardens Question 6 Why was technology an important tool in World War II? Answer to Question 6 It gave the allies the military equipment they needed for their war effort LESSON 3: The World at War Question 1 How did Navajo Code Talkers use language to save lives? Answer to Question 1 Code talkers were able to use their languages to communicate secretly on the battlefield. This helped American forces in battle Question 2 Looking at the map on page 358, what major battle took place in Africa? Answer to Question 2 El Alamein Question 3 What advantages did the Allies gain by knowing the location of the enemy’s aircraft carriers? Answer to Question 3 Knowing the location enabled the Allies to put enough forces in place to destroy the aircraft carriers Question 4 Why was the Battle of Midway a major turning point in World War II? Answer to Question 4 It prevented the Japanese from continuing to conquer territory in the Pacific and it allowed the U.S. Navy to go on the attack. Question 5 What effect did the battle of Stalingrad have on the city? Answer to Question 5 It left the city completely destroyed Question 6 What role did General George S. Patton play in the Battle of the Bulge? Answer to Question 6 Helped lead the allies to victory Question 7 Looking at page 360, summarize the events of June 6, 1944. Answer to Question 7 The allies launched a major invasion of Europe landing on the Beaches of Normandy in the early morning hours. By nightfall they had captured the beaches Question 8 What major decision did President Truman face in 1945? What did he decide? Answer to Question 8 Truman faced the decision of whether to use the atomic bomb against the Japanese. He decided to do so Question 9 Why did Anne Frank have to go into hiding in 1942? Answer to Question 9 The Nazis were arresting Jews and sending them to concentration camps Question 10 What happened to the Franks family after their hiding place was discovered? Answer to Question 10 The Franks were arrested They were sent to a concentration camp Anne Frank died in the camp