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The Great Depression:
Before & Beyond
Causes & Effects of Two World
Wars and Everything In-Between
Table of Contents
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Introduction
Progressive Reform & World War I
The Roaring 20s
The Stock Market Crash & The Great
Depression
World War II & Japanese Internment Camps
The Cold War, Korea & Vietnam
Conclusion
References
Introduction
• Major events such as World Wars I and II, the
Stock Market Crash of 1929, etc. are the result
of many changes happening all at once.
• Often, groups of people are unhappy with the
way others are running an organization or even
a country, and the result is reform.
• Change can be violent or peaceful, gradual or all
at once. It can affect different people in many
different ways.
Progressive Movement
• The Progressive Era of the early 20th century
was a collection of many different movements,
all centered around making America a “better
and safer” place to live (The Learning Page,
2002a), and to decrease the “widespread
political corruption” (Green & Carlson, 2005,
chap. 8, p. 130) in the country.
• U.S. Constitution made Amendments giving
women the right to vote, establishing federal
income tax, and creating a policy where the
people elected U.S. Senators (as opposed to
simply being appointed by the government.)
Prohibition
• This was an attempt to make illegal (prohibit) the
production and sale of all alcoholic drinks in the
United States.
• Reasons: Alcohol was “responsible for much of
the abuse of women and children”; it was
responsible for much crime; and it wasted
money that could have been used for food
(Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 130).
18th Amendment
• This made alcohol illegal all over the U.S.
• Americans did not take the ban seriously.
British Columbia “rumrunners” smuggled
in liquor, since it was still legal north of the
border. Alcohol was consumed in private
clubs/road houses, called “blind pigs”,
since police (“pigs”) were bribed to ‘turn a
blind eye’ to alcohol consumption.
• 1933: Prohibition repealed after 14 years.
Legislative Reform
• William U’Ren of Oregon was a very dynamic
leader regarding getting legislative changes
made in Oregon (later adapted in
Washington).
• Created the initiative (citizens could pass their
own laws by gathering signatures and having
them placed on a ballot to be voted on), and
the referendum (citizens could vote for laws
already passed by the legislative branch of
government). Also the recall, where voters
could have an official removed from office.
Business Regulation
• Government began charging fees for people to
use railroads and utilities.
• Laws also passed that limited the amount of
hours that people could work – women, for
example, could only work 8 hours per day.
• Children were also required to attend school
now, instead of working all day in mines and
factories.
Women’s Suffrage
• Suffrage: The right to vote.
• Granting women the right to vote was
considered one of WA’s most significant
victories of the time.
• Washington was the fifth state to pass an
Amendment allowing this; ten years later, all
women in the U.S. could vote.
Opposition to Women’s Suffrage
Picketing for Women’s Rights,
February 1917
56th & Lexington, 1917
Industrial Workers of the World,
a.k.a., IWW
• Created in 1905, the IWW enjoyed the notion of
“One big union”.
• IWW set itself against capitalism, a system of
government involving private ownership of land,
property, and businesses. Capitalists were
known to hire workers for very low wages,
making their own profits larger.
• The IWW was one of the first groups to welcome
African-Americans as well as women. IWW
union members were called “Wobblies”.
Radical Change
• The Wobblies felt that real reform could only
come from radical change. They agreed to strike
if there was a need for it.
• Fought for rights to speak freely to employers,
and also for safer working conditions and higher
wages.
• Spoke on street corners and in public parks, and
gathered much sympathy for their cause (Green
& Carlson, 2005, p. 132).
Wobblies Lingo
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Bindle: Blanket roll
Bindle Stiff: Worker who carries his bedding
California Blankets: Newspapers used for bedding
Dingbat: A tramp considered “homeless, helpless, and
harmless”
Fink: An informer or strikebreaker
Jungle: A place, usually near a railroad yard, where
migrants cooked/slept
Rattler: Fast freight train
Scab: Person who takes the job of a striking union
member
Skid Road: An area of town with saloons, gambling and
prostitution
The Everett Massacre
• IWW was willing to get violent to achieve its goals.
Literature openly discussed sabotage – destroying a
company’s tools/materials to force it out of work.
• In Everett, Wobblies were giving speeches criticizing
World War I/capitalism, and were arrested/beaten by
police and vigilantes – citizens who take it upon
themselves to punish criminals.
• A boat of 300 Wobblies landed at Everett to lend
support; their effort was met with gunfire. Five workers
and two vigilantes were killed in the scuffle. Though 74
Wobblies were charged with murder, no one could tell
who fired the first shot, and they were freed.
The IWW Today
• The IWW still exists
today, boasting on its
official website
(iww.org) about its
102-year history.
• To the left, a union
member protests
policies of the
Starbucks company in
Seattle, WA.
World War I (WWI)
• Also called the Great War; raged from 19141917 before the U.S. became involved.
• Central vs. Allied Powers. Central = Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Turkey; Allied = England,
France, Italy, Russia, and eventually the
United States.
• U.S. became involved when Germany sunk a
ship carrying American tourists using
submarines/U-boats.
Allied vs. Central Powers
Liberty Sausage For All!
• Germans were the enemy in Europe during WWI. Many
Americans felt that those of German-American heritage
were not to be trusted.
• German-Americans were beaten up, and often had their
farms/businesses vandalized. German language was
banned in many schools.
• Things with German names were given American
names; hamburger, for example, was “liberty sausage”,
and sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage” (Green &
Carlson, 2005, p. 135).
Selective Service Act
• All men 21-30 were
required to sign up for the
military.
• In World War I, about
75,000 Washington men
were “drafted”.
• To the left is a poster of
Uncle Sam, a national
personification of the United
States, urging men to sign
up for the Army.
Sedition Act
• This was Congress’ attempt to suppress, or
silence criticism by prohibiting any speech it felt
was “disloyal, profane, … or abusive” (Green &
Carlson, 2005, p. 135-136) about the
government, the flag, the Constitution, or the
Armed Forces.
• The IWW campaigned often against the war; as
a result, many Wobblies were arrested for
violation of the Sedition Act.
“As Gag-Rulers Would Have It”
Communism & the Red Scare
• In Russia during World War I, times were hard;
food and fuel were scarce, and the czar,
Nicholas II was eventually overthrown.
• Communism: Government ownership of all
land, property and business. Not successful in
Russia.
• Striking workers in U.S. considered part of a
worldwide conspiracy against democracy –
caused nationwide hysteria.
Economic Boom
• The war created lots of jobs – prior to WWI,
there was one ship building company, for
example. At the end of it, there were 25.
• The Boeing Company became the largest
company in Washington, after building
airplanes for the government.
• Jobs existed for people fighting in the war and
even women and minorities who remained at
home. The war was terrible, but business was
booming (Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 136137).
From Boom to Bust
• When the war ended, there was a
“sharp” drop in farm and lumber prices.
Women and minorities were no longer
an intricate part of the work force.
• Seattle General Strike: Shipyard workers
went on strike for wage increases that
were forbidden during the war.
– “People could not get a ride on a streetcar,
or a meal in a restaurant” (Green & Carlson,
2005, chap. 8, p. 138).
The Age of Jazz
• The 1920s go by many names –
the Age of Jazz, the pursuit of
pleasure, the Roaring Twenties,
etc.
• Women’s fashion drastically
changed – short, bobbed hair,
short skirts, rouge, nylons with
seams down the back. Men
slicked their hair back and “tried
to look as modern as the ladies”
(Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 8,
139).
The Two Dears
• A postcard featuring a
woman from the 1920s in a
traditional bathing suit of
the time period. (The
Authentic History Center,
2007).
• During the Roaring 20s,
“bathing-beauty contests”
(Green & Carlson, 2005,
chap. 8, p. 139) were a
very popular form of
entertainment.
The Modern Decade
• Some inventions of the
1920s included the
following (Green &
Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p.
139-140):
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–
–
–
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Electric power
Telephones
Phonographs
Radios
Washing machines
Motion pictures
Automobiles (pictured:
Henry Ford’s Model T)
Racial Intolerance
• The 1920s was also known as the
“Intolerant Decade”, because of the
United States’ people’s intense distrust
and fear of foreigners.
• Many Japanese residents barred from
owning and leasing land in
Washington/Oregon.
• Ku Klux Klan – Felt that Catholics, Jews
and African-Americans were responsible
for all the problems in the U.S. and
terrorized those they were trying to get rid
of. A large gathering of the KKK existed in
the Yakima Valley in the 1920s.
Racist Stereotyping
Hydropower
• Pacific Northwest produced about
40% of the country’s hydropower –
that is, power harvested by dams.
• Public Utility District (PUD) –
Established public power systems
and replaced private companies.
Voted down in 1929, approved a
year later; eventually established in
29 of WA’s 39 counties.
Grand Coulee Dam
• Proposed as a way to bring irrigation to
land. Supporters were called “pumpers”.
• Opposition: Washington Water Power
Company (WWP); pumpers led by James
O’Sullivan.
• WWP proposed a gravity canal that would
leave them mainly in control of water
power.
• 1928, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
researched the Columbia River system
and determined that the pumping plan was
the most efficient.
Stock Market Crash: Who Dunnit?
• Many factors that actually led up to the Stock
Market Crash of 1929 (Gusmorino, 1996):
– Growing gap between the rich and middle class
(unstable economy)
– Excessive spending on credit (lack of immediate
incoming funds to companies)
– Major economies (radio advertising and automobiles)
slowed down, taking the rest of the country with them
– Other countries could not pay back money they had
borrowed from U.S. right away
– Eventually, product sat in warehouses and stock
prices fell drastically
Black is the New Black
• Black Thursday (October 24, 1929):
Stocks began to rise tentatively after
Richard Whitney bought 10,000 shares of
U.S. Steel at $205 each.
• Black Monday (October 28, 1929): People
began to sell shares blindly; economists
began to prepare themselves for what
seemed like an inevitable crash.
• Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929): Stock
market loses 40% of its original value
(Woodard, 2007).
Plummeting Stocks
Effects of the Great Depression
• Banks closed first during the Depression –
anyone who had invested money there became
broke almost overnight.
• Factories and businesses closed because
nobody had the money to buy anything; this also
led to a shortage of jobs.
– Those who could afford to buy anything found very
good deals. In Cheney, WA, a resident recalls seeing
a block of twelve housing lots selling for $38 (Green &
Carlson, 2005, chap. 9, p. 147).
Hoovervilles
• Many people became homeless
during the 1930s – WA State alone
had 24 homeless shelters, or “poor
farms”, though many were turned
away due to lack of room.
• President Herbert Hoover
unprepared for the Depression
when it hit. Many U.S. citizens
blamed him for not doing enough
to help him, and built their own
shacks out of scrap lumber, metal
and cardboard. They called them
“Hoovervilles”.
The Dust Bowl
• Occurred in 1928 in the
Great Plains (pictured on
the map as the centralmost part of the U.S., as
well as parts of Canada
and Mexico).
• Already dry farming
regions turned the land
into a “dust bowl” by
strong winds. Lasted
roughly 12 years.
Effects of the Dust Bowl
• Drought reached the Pacific Northwest, increasing fires
in the area. In 1936, the Forest Service reported 450,000
acres of national forest in the Northwest had burned up.
• Agriculture destroyed – crops rotted because harvesting
did not turn a profit; sheep slaughtered and fed to
buzzards or coyotes because harvesting meat/wool did
not pay enough. WA farmers even burned fruit trees for
the fuel.
• Migrant workers came to the Northwest because the
grim conditions here were still better than in the Great
Plains – by 1940, 400,000 had migrated to the N.W.
– In 1939, the federal government provided housing and medical
clinics for migrant workers (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).
Roosevelt’s New Deal
• President Roosevelt (FDR) took office as
President in 1933, after promising to create
a “New Deal” for America to help end the
Depression during his campaign.
• New Deal, also called “alphabet soup”
(Gupta & Lee, 1996), was a collaboration
between FDR and Congress whose main
goal was to put people back to work, and
also “stimulate economic recovery” in U.S.
(Gupta & Lee, 1996).
• By 1939, the worst of the Great Depression
was over (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).
New Deal Programs
• Emergency Banking Act/Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), 1933 - Helped re-establish
America's faith that they could put money in the bank
and not lose it.
• Civil Works Administration (CWA) - Gave unemployed
persons jobs building/repairing roads, parks, etc.
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Put people to work
maintaining and restoring forests, beaches and parks.
Pay was little, but free room/board and training was
offered, first to men, and then eventually to women as
well.
• Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 - Ended sale of tribal
lands and restored ownership to rightful Native
American groups.
• Public Works Association (PWA) - Launched projects
such as the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River.
New Deal Programs (cont.)
• Works Progress Administration (WPA), 1935-1943 Provided work for 8 million Americans by
constructing/restoring schools, hospitals, etc.
• Farm Security Administration (FSA) - Loaned more
than $1 billion to farmers and set up camp for migrant
workers.
• Fair Labor Standard Act, 1938 - Banned child labor
and set a minimum wage.
• Social Security Act - Provided aid for the elderly, for
family members of those who were killed in industrial
accidents, for mothers and children, and for the
blind/physically disabled. Did not cover farm and
domestic workers, but the SSA did help many
Americans feel more protected.
– Though not always 100% positive, the New Deal did a
great deal in helping end the Great Depression (Gupta
& Lee, 1996).
Unions At War
• Federal laws passed giving workers
the right to organize their own
unions.
• American Federation of Labor (AFL)
and Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO) fought both
management and themselves in “a
series of bitter strikes” (Green &
Carlson, 2005, chap. 9, p. 152).
– “Goon squads”: Groups of paid thugs
who acted as violent mediators
between the AFL and CIO unions. At
the time, Washington became one of
the most unionized states in the
country.
Adolf Hitler and Nazi-ism
• Though the U.S. economy was improving, by the late
1930s, trouble loomed in other parts of the world.
• Adolf Hitler – dictator of Germany; believed Germans
were a superior race. Set out to “cleanse” Europe of
anyone he considered inferior, namely Jewish people,
as well as Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and
homosexuals (Wikipedia, 2007k).
• Six million Jews killed in concentration camps, either
from gas chambers or starvation. Referred to as the
Holocaust (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).
World War II (WWII)
• WWII raged in Europe for
years before America
became involved.
• America sent ships and
supplies to Allies
(England, France,
Russia); Germany
conquered Poland, and
was eventually joined by
Italy & Japan. President
Roosevelt adamant about
staying out of the war.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941:
Japanese fighter planes
dropped bombs on U.S.
ships in Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii. The next day,
President Roosevelt
declared war on Japan.
• Right: A ship called the
USS Shaw is blown up by
Japanese bombs (Naval
Historical Center, 2001).
Another Economic Boom
• With WWII came war-related jobs and
economic prosperity.
– Hydroelectric power: Bonneville and Grand Coulee
Dams on Columbia River created cheap power.
– Aluminum: Five new manufacturing plants created,
including ones in Spokane, Longview & Tacoma.
– Shipbuilding: 100,000 employed at Kaiser’s
shipbuilding yards in Portland-Vancouver region.
Other local shipbuilding in Seattle, Tacoma,
Bremerton & Bellingham.
– Fish, farming, lumber production in WA turned into
aluminum, airplanes and ship-building industries.
The Hanford Area
• FDR received word from Jewish scientist Albert
Einstein that Germany may be building an
atomic bomb. Roosevelt started the secret
Manhattan Project, designed to produce an
atomic bomb for America.
• Hanford – one of the Project’s research facilities.
Hanford Area produced plutonium used for
bombs, with plant reactors (powered by dams)
supplying water used for cooling.
• Richland, WA was a “mystery city” of some
51,000 people. Voluntary censorship/secrecy
was crucial to the Project’s success.
• After the war, when U.S. dropped two atomic
bombs on Japan, Hanford became a public
realization.
Social Change
• War brought migrants to places like
the Pacific Northwest in record
numbers.
– African-Americans in Seattle increased
from 3,700 in 1940 to 30,000 by 1945.
Racial discrimination still rampant – many
families had trouble finding housing, and
renovated chicken coups, garages, empty
service stations and tents/cars to live in.
– Bracero program: Response to need for
growers in WA. Mexican men allowed to
work temporarily in U.S. as farm laborers.
Many brought their families (Green &
Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).
Japanese Internment Camps
• Much hysteria caused over the notion that Japan
would drop atomic bombs on U.S. On March 2nd,
1942, relocation orders were given to all persons
of Japanese descent living in U.S.
• Roughly 10,000 Japanese-Americans from
WA/OR areas sent to Minidoka Relocation
Center in Idaho desert, and lived surrounded by
armed guards and barbed wire. Many camp
prisoners were 2nd/3rd generation JapaneseAmericans.
• After the war, U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the
relocation order. Later, Congress compensated
those who had been relocated with $20,000 and
formally apologized. Considered one of the
worst civil rights violations in American history
(Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).
Minidoka, etc.
Baseball
• Many Japanese-Americans
took to playing baseball in
the camps to pass the time.
This picture was taken from
Tule Lake, an infamous
internment camp in Utah
(Noe, 2007).
• The children’s book,
“Baseball Saved Us,” by
Ken Mochizuki describes
why baseball became so
important to many
Japanese-Americans
imprisoned during WWII.
Going to School In Camp
• Children in the
internment camps
also kept up on their
studies.
• Pictured here is a
classroom in the Tule
Lake camp in Utah,
where junior highaged students are
engaged in a lesson
(Noe, 2007).
The Death of FDR
• April 1945: Roosevelt dies suddenly
from stroke. Americans react in
stunned reminiscence – for three
days/nights, businesses slowed, and
radio stations aired only news
broadcasts and religious music.
– Similar to coverage of the death of
Princess Diana in 1997.
– Less than a month later, Germany
surrendered, but Japan and U.S. still at
odds. (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).
Fat Man & Little Boy
• August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb called
“Little Boy”, weighing over 4.5 tons,
was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan
from the Enola Gay, a B-29 plane.
Almost instantly, 66,000 people died
and 69,000 were injured.
• August 9, 1945: Second atomic bomb
called “Fat Man” leveled over half the
city of Nagasaki. The population of
422,000 dropped almost instantly to
383,000; 25,000 were injured.
• Those who did survive the blasts later
succumbed to radiation poisoning or
leukemia (Bellis, 2007).
A Post-War World
• Like with WWI, the end of WWII
meant the end of things like
rationing, but it also slowed
production on chemicals, aluminum,
steel, tanks and airplanes, leading to
decrease in jobs.
• 50,000 Boeing employees during the
war, many of whom were no longer
needed.
– “When Boeing sneezes, Seattle catches
cold” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10,
p. 164).
Suburbia
• The G.I. Bill helped many former soldiers afford a college
education and eased them into civilian life. Many vets were the
first in their families to attend college.
• War vets also bought houses, many using mortgage loans; this
caused a need for timber, and thousands of logging and sawmill
jobs were created.
• In 1950s, many lived in the suburbs, where “many homes
[were] built together outside a city center” (Green & Carlson,
2005, chap. 10, p. 165). Women settled into family life, creating
a baby boom – “baby boomers”, those born in the 1950s, have
children/grandchildren of their own today.
• Northgate Shopping Center – North of Seattle; with 100 stores,
a hospital and a movie theatre, it became the first mall of its
kind in the entire world.
The Cold War
• Though they were allies in war, Russia
and the U.S. feared attacks from one
another; both countries kept giant
military/defensive systems.
• Called a Cold War because there was
no actual fighting. However, it was
similar to the Red Scare during WW –
paranoia over communism still ran
rampant.
• Russian supporters called “Reds”;
anyone suspected of being
communists were fired, particularly if
they worked as teachers and/or for the
government. Sympathizers were called
“Pink” – this is where the phrase “pinko
commie” comes from.
The Great Space Race
• In 1957, the Soviet Union (another
name for Russia) launched the
world’s first satellite, named
Sputnik, into space.
• American schools, to catch up,
began putting more pressure on
school kids to excel in
science/math.
• Soon, U.S. technology caught up to
Russia’s, and even surpassed
them – the first man on the moon
was an American.
Atomic Weapons
• Even though there was no actual fighting during the
Cold War, there were still a lot of jobs created due to
the need for weaponry.
• Hanford Area: The same place that developed the
atomic bombs during WWII produced nuclear fuel
during the Cold War. Richland, WA still calls itself the
“Atomic city”; Richland High School uses a mushroom
cloud as its emblem, even.
– Many who lived in the Hanford Area in the 1950s
developed cancer from radioactive material released into
the air/water. These people were called “downwinders”
(Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10).
• 1949: Soviets exploded first atomic bomb. Washington
State practiced civil defense drills and evacuation
techniques.
– Spokane was the first city in the nation to practice
making everybody evacuate all at once.
Highway to … WA!
• Freeways were developed by the
U.S. government to help ease the
growing amount of traffic on what
were very narrow city roads.
• President Eisenhower suggested
them after seeing highways used in
Germany. He felt they could also
make evacuation easier.
• Highways linked WA to the rest of the
nation:
– Interstate 84: Columbia River, WA’s
southern border
– Interstate 90: Puget Sound region,
eastern WA
– Interstate 5: Runs from Canada to Mexico
Dam Business
• Many dams built before WWII continued to
bring jobs into the eastern part of WA for over
20 years.
– Columbia Basin project – 75 reservoirs produced
electricity and irrigation for farming. This caused
towns like the Tri-Cities, Othello and Moses Lake to
grow rapidly.
• Downsides:
– Dams caused flooding – Lake Roosevelt flooded 11
separate towns.
– Native Americans could no longer use Kettle Falls,
an ancient fishing spot.
– The Grand Coulee Dam impaired salmon spawning
Agribusiness
• Corporate farms, larger than family
owned farms – on 550,000 acres of
land, for example, about 6,000 farms
were created – were developed based
on irrigation availability.
• Many seasonal workers were brought in
to prepare crops.
• Chemical fertilizers developed – they
were cheaper and helped crops grow
faster, with fewer diseases.
• University of Pullman leading
agricultural research – helped make
machine harvesting a reality.
Korean War
• In 1950, North Korea – a
communist country using Soviet
tanks/planes - invaded South
Korea; in response, the U.S. and
15 other countries sent troops to
help South Korea defend itself.
• Fighting was sporadic – three
years later, the war was a
stalemate (nobody officially
“won”), though 33,000 Americans
died, 528 from Washington State.
Vietnam War
• 1954, U.S. became involved in Vietnam,
another communist country plagued by war.
By the 1960s, thousands of WA soldiers
joined the fight.
• Many Americans protested U.S.’s
involvement – in Seattle, for example, a
demonstration of over 25,000 people
commenced.
– Many people felt it was “wrong to send troops to a
nation where we had no reason to be involved”
(Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p. 172).
• War lasted for ten years – 58,000 Americans
were killed, and 2-3 million Vietnamese died.
Unemployment & Immigration
• After the war ended in 1973,
unemployment soared. War
materials were no longer needed.
• Many Asian immigrants fled to
WA to escape their own war-torn
regions:
– Vietnamese: 30,000
– Cambodians: 15,000
– Laotians: 10,000
Civil Rights
• People were beginning to challenge
segregation laws and racial discrimination.
• 1964: Civil Rights Act: Discrimination
prohibited in public places.
– African-Americans at the time could not sit with
Whites in movie theatres, restaurants, or hotels;
they could not use public swimming pools, etc.
• 1965: The literacy test was eliminated for
voters.
• 1969: An updated version of the Civil
Rights Act prohibited discrimination in the
sale/rental of property.
Civil Rights Murders
• President John Kennedy: Shot in
Dallas, TX
• Senator Robert Kennedy:
Assassinated
• Malcolm X: Murdered
• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Murdered
in Memphis, TN
• Edwin Pratt: Part of the Seattle
Urban League; was shot walking out
his front door.
Multiculturalism in WA State
• African-Americans: Many moved to Puget Sound area to
work in defense manufacturing plants or in Army/Navy
bases.
– Carl Maxey: First black attorney in Spokane. Filed lawsuits for
black customers during the 1950s/1960s who were denied
access to restaurants and stores.
• Asian-Americans: Pre-WWII, they lived and worked in
farms/rural areas mainly. After they left relocation camps,
many found their homes had been vandalized/overtaken,
and had to start new lives.
– Some entered the world of politics. Wing Luke, for example, was
a Seattle City Council man, the first Chinese-American elected to
any office in WA. He died in a plane crash a few years later.
Also, Gary Locke, the first Chinese-American governor in U.S.
history was elected to office in 1996.
Multiculturalism in WA (cont.)
• Native Americans: Lived both on and off reservations.
Many led dual lives – Indian life involved preserving
native traditions and mixing them with modern culture.
• Hispanic Americans: Largest minority group in WA
– WWII, thousands came to harvest crops and many
settled permanently. In Othello, Mexican-Americans
made up over half the population by the 1970s.
– By the 1990s, Hispanics not only worked on farms, but
many also took jobs as lawyers, physicians, teachers,
etc.
– Also challenged civil rights – groups like the Mexican
American Federation challenged voting restrictions
regarding literacy in court and won, for example.
Women’s Rights
• 1970s: Women strived to be paid
as much as men, and to earn the
same prestige – men were
considered doctors, and women
were nurses, for example.
• Feminism: Liberation of women.
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
– Neither men nor women could
be denied rights on the basis of
gender.
Health Care
• Seattle created the first Health
Maintenance Organization (HMO)
after WWII.
• Group Health Cooperative – 400
families paid a monthly fee in
order to see doctors who were
covered under/involved with the
organization.
• University of Washington –
Medical school for physicians as
well as medical treatment
research. Also, Washington State
University in Pullman has a
veterinary school.
Conclusion
• History creates many patterns, both
positive and negative.
• American history is full of recurring issues
regarding racism, the economy, and war.
• Understanding these issues can help
make the country a better, more equal and
safer place for all of its citizens.
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The End
“Those who do not learn
from history are
doomed to repeat it.”
- George Santayana,
American philosopher
(1863-1952)