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WWII WWII THE EUROPEAN FRONT RUSSIA June 22, 1941 Germany and allies invaded Russia with a 2,000 mile front ~3 million men ~From northern Baltic states to the Black Sea ~Most successful in the north 1944 ~Leningrad (St. Petersburg) held out and city was never taken -resorted to cannibalism ~Center made good advances but never took Moscow -not equipped for winter warfare -Hitler made them stay ~Stalingrad (Volgograd) main city they wanted from the south Stalin’s namesake On the Volga River ~Crimea and Ukraine taken from Russia Supplies cut in half when Ukraine taken ~300,000 German men wiped out to hold Stalingrad -Hitler would not let them retreat -1/2 million killed on Russia Front ~Russian’s getting supplies from the U.S. -tanks, guns, food, etc ~Technique to fighting the Germans Wait for Germans to attack-let them envelop and cut them off Russia Continued…. Jan 1944 ~Leningrad no longer needs to fight -Russia gets Romania and Finland back -By July were at Polish borders -Then got to Warsaw ~Resistance of Poland -Polish wanted to get supplies -Russia said no -Russia wouldn’t let U.S. give supplies ~200,000 Poles died in Resistance -Russian’s let Germans take care of rebels and then would take Poland ~Russia did liberate Yugoslavia -got out quick By end-1944-ready to invade Germany Naval War in European District ~Germans use submarines (U-Boats) -to strangle the British navy ~1st naval action in war -Graft Spree (German ship) -cornered in channel by Britain -sailed into deep water and scuttled it 1841-U.S. Declared Greenland was under our protection -later declared that if they saw ships in harbors they would radio the British ~U.S. took over protection of convoys to Iceland -this gets into war -now we can shoot 1st ~We are in shipbuilding projects -build ships before you can sink them all ~U.S. winning the Atlantic War ~~Italy July 10, 1943 ~ Americans landed on Sicily -Triumphant Campaign July 25, 1943 ~ Mussolini overthrown ~Non fascist government elected -They started an armistice with the U.S. -U.S. began cruising into Italy ~Italy had an unconditional surrender -But Allies will restore Italian borders -Italy agreed to fight Germans ~ Allies wanted Naples as a port -Germans destroyed it ~U.S. wanted Rome -Germans fighting for it ~ Little support given to Italian Front -Because of D-Day, etc. ~ Hitler sent a commando team to rescue Mussolini -Ran Northern Italy -Mussolini and girlfriend were caught, shot and strung up on the town square -By the time US troops come the Bodies are torn apart May 2, 1945- Germany surrenders Italy Campaign in Northern Europe June 6, 1944—D-Day • Eisenhower and company landed on Normandy ~Went better than expected ~Less casualties than expected *10,000 casualties *2,500 dead July 20th, 1944 • Stauffenberg bomb plot ~didn’t kill Hitler ~rattled him *Knew Army was against him *Now even more paranoid August 25th, 1944 • Paris was liberated ~Germans didn’t fight ~ Eisenhower planned on a broad approach ~ Montgomery got Antwerp (everything he did was a disaster) ~ Operation Market Garden disaster Campaign in Northern Europe Continued... December 16th, 1944 Battle of the Bulge ~hit us in weak lines ~Bastogne held by American refugees ~Christmas Day relieved ~Really hurt the Germans ~Was Germans Last Offensive * Brought all men to fight * Many killed ~ Eisenhower was pressured to end it quickly *needed help in Pacific http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/b ulge/sfeature/sf_footage.html Picture Links: http://www.tankdriverbook.com/photos.shtml Yalta Conference • Russia would get Berlin *Eisenhower wouldn’t waste men fighting for future Russian territory April 2, 1945- Roosevelt died • Truman took over April 30th, 1945- Hitler killed himself in a bunker May 7th, 1945- Germany surrenders ~Signed May 8th 1945 (V-E-Day) ~ May 23rd, 1945- Allied government now in control-Eisenhower WWII The Pacific Front War in Pacific actually Began in 1931 with Japanese attack on Manchuria May 1939 Germany, Japan and Italy created Pact of Steel • • • U.S. only great power in Pacific All other countries have too much going on at home Japan got naval bases in China ~ U.S. tried embargoes ~Froze Japanese assets October 1941 • A Japanese civilian was replaced by general Tojo as prime minister • December 7th, 1941 -- Attack on Pearl Harbor ~Japanese didn’t want Pearl Harbor -Just Wanted to cripple U.S. navy -So they keep what they had ~ U. S. Aircraft carriers were out at sea • Americans most concerned with Pacific not war in China • Americans agreed that Europe was most important to deal with first ~ 70% of troops to Europe ~ 30% of troops to Pacific When Pearl Harbor was attacked Germany and Italy declared war on U.S • Japanese start taking lines of territory -Even threatened Australia ~MacArthur escaped Philippines -Made commander of Pacific troops Pacific Front Continued… • April 18th, 1942 – Tokyo Bombing • ~ Bombers led by Johnny Doolittle (off a carrier) • -8 airmen captured • * 3 beheaded • Had no fuel to make it back Japanese Offensives • Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) • Battle of Midway (June 1942) * Caught Japanese by surprise * U.S. Got Midway *Turning points of the war *Was before European Front • June 1944 Landed in Marinas *Guam, Tunian, Saipan • Marinas Turkey Shoot (June 19-20, 1944) -Air to air -Air to sea -Japan lost 467 planes - U.S. lost 130 planes 104 lost because of fuel • Iwo Jima Japanese fleet will no longer be a factor and will go home ~1 month of fighting ~21,000 Japanese there * All but 216 dead ~Factor in nuclear bomb Iwo Jima End of Pacific Front Okinawa • 117,000 American Men – Only 7,000 survived -Massive use of Kamikazes -Sunk 25 U.S. ships • British now fighting in India -Help in our fight Invasion of Japan • Estimated 300,000 Americans would be killed • Would require 900,000 men • Would require 200 million to take all of Japan • Japanese had new army (fight for death) • Knew Japanese would kill all POWs • When MacArthur found out said increase body bags by 300% • This was the reason for the Atomic bombing of Japan • August 6, 1945 - - Bombed Hiroshima • August 8,1945 - - Soviet Union Declares war on Japan • August 9, 1945 - - Bombed Nagasaki • August 14, 1945- - Emperor surrendered • August 15, 1945 – VJ DAY • September 2, 1945 - Surrender Signed