Download World History II SOL Review

World History II SOL Review
World War II and the Cold War
Page
490-518
Causes of World War II
Totalitarian
Dictators
Nationalism
U.S.
Isolationism
and Pacifism
Treaty of
Versailles
Failure of the
League of
Nations
Appeasement
Causes of World War II
Battles and Events of World War II
Event/Battle
Date
The
9/1939
Invasion of
Poland
Purpose
Outcome
Take over
Europe and
Poland
Britain had previously warned Hitler that any
aggression towards Poland would not be tolerated.
Hitler ignored the threat, invaded Poland successfully,
but found itself now at war with Britain and France.
Having either allied itself or conquered many other
neighboring countries, Germany looked towards
France. Germany won control of France and Hitler had
almost all of Europe under his control. Hitler’s next
move would be eliminate any threat from Great
Britain.
The Fall of
France
6/1940
Conquer
France,
Western
Europe
Battle of
Britain
9/1940
Destroy British
air power and
air industry
Bombed day and night, the British people refused to
give in to Hitler’s Luftwaffe. Britain won ending a
threatened German invasion of Britain.
Invasion of 6/1941
the Soviet
Union
Living space
and resources
Russia wins, aided by a harsh Soviet winter
Battles and Events of World War II
Event/Battle
Date
Purpose
Pearl
Harbor
12/7/
1941
Destroy
American
military power
Brings US into the war
D-Day
(Allied
Invasion of
Normandy)
6/6/
1944
Land troops in
France to then
invade
Germany
Since Hitler’s German army controlled almost all of
Europe, it was difficult to get troops onto the
continent. However, led by Dwight E. Eisenhower, the
Allies planned and successfully carried out the invasion
of Normandy, France. With the Allied victory, they can
now fight back and invade Germany.
Yalta
Conference
2/1945
Decide what to M.A.G.I.C.
do with Europe (see M.A.G.I.C slides)
after WWII
Hiroshima
and
Nagasaki
8/1945
Swiftly end the
war with Japan
Outcome
In an effort to quickly end the war with Japan and save
American lives, President Truman decided to drop two
atomic bombs, one each on the cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. Japan surrenders.
T
The shades of
purple show the
areas either
allied with or
occupied/
controlled by the
Axis powers.
The green areas
represent the
Allied powers.
Now do you
understand the
significance of the
invasion of
Normandy?
Fall of France
Attack on Pearl
Harbor
Quote by Winston Churchill
in reference to the pilots of
the Royal Air Force (RAF) who
were defending the British
people during the Battle of
Britain.
June 6, 1944:
D-Day
The Invasion of Normandy
The invasion was led
by this man,
General Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Allied soldiers approaching the coast of
Normandy
The Atomic Bomb
Important People
Eisenhower:
American general in charge of D-Day invasion
Roosevelt:
American president at the outbreak of the war
Truman:
American President at the end of the war
Makes the decision to drop the atomic bomb
Churchill:
British Prime Minister
Stalin:
Soviet Dictator
Hirohito:
Japanese emperor
Tojo:
Japanese general
Hitler:
Nazi German leader
MacArthur:
American general, Philippine campaign and postwar
Japan
Marshall:
American general, top advisor to Roosevelt
The Holocaust
“Work Will Set you Free”
Events leading up to the Holocaust
• The Holocaust is partially a result of thousands of
years of hatred of Jews
• 1. Totalitarianism + nationalism + industrialization
 belief in the Holocaust
• 2. European legacy of anti-Semitism
• 3. defeat in World War I and the Great Depression
blamed on the Jews
• 4. Hitler’s belief in the “master” race – Aryan
• 5. Final Solution – systematic attempt to remove
all Jews from the face of the Earth – death camps,
gas chambers
Genocide: the systematic attempt to eliminate a
group of people from the face of the earth
The map to the right
and the next slide
show other examples
of genocide
Outcomes of World War II
Loss of empires by European powers
Establishment of two major powers in the world: The United
States and the U.S.S.R.
War crimes trials
Division of Europe: Iron Curtain
The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
The Marshall Plan
Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the
Warsaw Pact
Outcomes of World War II
Loss of empires by European powers
Establishment of two major powers in the world:____________
_________________________________
______________________
Division of Europe: ____________
_____________________________
______________________________
____________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
And that’s how the
U.S. used M.A.G.I.C. to
fix West Gem any and
Japan after World War
II.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE
ORGANIZATIONS
The United Nations
• Somewhat like the
League of Nations, the
United Nations was
formed to prevent
future wars.
• The UN has more power
than the League of
Nations did. And yes,
the United States is a
member.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
• Defensive Alliance (1949)
– Western Europe
– United States, Canada
• Resist invasion by Soviet
Union
• Collective security –
“Attack on one is an
attack on all”
Warsaw Pact
• Defensive pact
between Soviet
Union and its
Eastern European
satellite nations
• Response to NATO
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Established and
adopted by members of
the United Nations
• Provided a code of
conduct for the
treatment of people
under the protection of
their government
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Follow Up Questions
What was the Marshall Plan?
Who was Douglas MacArthur? Identify at least two things he
did.
After WWII, the Allies limited the militaries of Japan and
Germany. How was the security of these countries
guaranteed?
How was the treatment of the defeated powers different in
WWII than it was in WWI?
How was the U.N. different from the League of Nations?
Identify the Warsaw Pact and NATO. What are these examples
of? Have they caused problems in the past?
What is a “satellite nation”?
What was the UDHR? Why was it created?
THE COLD WAR
Beginning of the Cold War
(1945 – 1989)
• Definition – Period of
time between 1945 and
1989 or 1991 when the
United States and U.S.S.R.
faced off in a clash of two
different ideologies.
• Intense competition for
control of the world
Cold War
(1945 – 1989)
• United States
represented
– democracy
– free market
economic system
– individual freedoms
• Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
– totalitarian
government
– communist
(socialist) economic
system
– no freedoms
Yalta – February 1945
• Big Three – Franklin
D. Roosevelt (U.S.),
Joseph Stalin
(U.S.S.R.), and
Winston Churchill
(G.B.) met to discuss
the future of postwar Europe
The Big Three
Post War Germany
• Big Three
agree to
divide
Germany into
four sections
• -- British
• -- American
• -- Russian
• -- French
Post War Germany
• Original plan to
unite all four zones
– One nation
– Berlin capital
• Russians refuse
• Uh-oh…
West Germany
• Britain, France, and
the United States
unite their zones
• Western zones
– Resume selfgovernment
– Liberal democracy
– Pro-United States
– Capitalist
• Russian dominated zone
• Eastern zones
• -- Puppet regime
controlled by the
U.S.S.R. – satellites
• -- Communist/totalitarian
government
• -- Pro-Soviet
• -- Communist/command
economy
East Germany
Berlin
• Located in East
Germany
• Former capital also
divided among four
allied powers
• Located in Russian
zone
– West Berlin capital of
West Germany
– East Berlin Capital of
East Germany
Eastern and Central Europe
• Stalin promised “free”
elections in Eastern and
Central Europe at Yalta
in 1945
• Post-War – Occupied by
Soviet Union
• After elections all
become communist
– Satellite Nations Puppets
controlled by Soviet Union
– “Iron Curtain” –
nicknamed by Winston
Churchill in a famous
speech
Marshall=MONEY
Marshall Plan (1947)
• United States offers
financial aid to Europe
• Eastern Europe refuses
(why?!)
• Rebuilds Western
European economies
– Stop spread of
communism through
“friendship” (how?!)
What does this cartoon mean?
Recipients: Marshall Plan
1. Who gets most
of the money?
2. Why do those
countries
receive money?
3. What countries
do not receive
money?
4. Why?
COLD WAR CONFLICTS
Truman Doctrine (1947)
• Containment of Communism
– Goal is to resist spread not roll back communism
– Aid to Greece and Turkey
Harry S. Truman
Josef Stalin
Space Race
• U.S. Government
goes crazy due to
the successful
launch of…
• Soviet Union
– Sputnik
– First satellite
Berlin Wall (1961)
Berlin Wall (1961)
• Separates Soviet East
Berlin from Western
Zone
• Attempt to prevent
flight of East Germans
to West
• Symbol of Cold War
Construction of Berlin wall, 1961
Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
“Checkpoint Charlie” – gateway between
East and West Berlin
Nuclear Threat
• Soviet Union and the
United States matched
nuclear weaponry during
the 1950s
• Threat of nuclear war
ever present
• U.S.S.R. uses
espionage to quickly
copy U.S. nuclear power
Nuclear Threat
• President Eisenhower
adopted a policy of
“massive retaliation”
to deter any nuclear
strike by the Soviets.
• Theory of Deterrence
• Increases
threat of
nuclear war
Cold War Conflict: Cuba
Khrushchev and Kennedy, 1962
13 Days
Cuba (1950s)
• In the 1950’s, a
U.S.-led dictator was
in charge of Cuba
• Fidel Castro led a
communist
revolution that took
over Cuba in the
1950s
– Many Cubans
fled
• U.S. wants control of
Cuba back
• Why?
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
• To get back at the U.S.
and to gain financial
support, Fidel Castro
allies with the Soviet
Union
• Soviet Union stationed
missiles in Cuba
• U.S. spy planes catch the
Soviets in the act
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
• President Kennedy
ordered the Soviets to
remove their missiles
– Brinkmanship – go right to the
edge of nuclear war, but do not
go over it
– for 13 days the world was on
the brink of nuclear war
– quarantine of Cuba
(blockade)
– Khrushchev backs down –
nuclear war averted
– Closest U.S. and U.S.S.R. ever
came to nuclear conflict!
Fighting Communists in…
China
Korea
Vietnam
Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist China (island of Taiwan)
China: Must Knows
Conflicts and Revolution in
Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese
civil war
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Communist China-Mainland
China
Continuing conflict between the two Chinas
Communist China’s participation in Korean War
Details…
Mao Zedong
Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)
MOLE!
Mao!
•Nationalists – Chiang Kai-ShekVS! •Communists – Mao Zedong
(Mao Tse-Tung)
(Jiang Jieshi)
Chinese Civil War (1945-49)
• After World War II,
Nationalists vs.
Communists
• Communists
WIN!!! – Mao
Zedong takes
over mainland
China
• Nationalists
LOSE!!! – Chiang
Kai-Shek forced
to move to
Taiwan
Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)
MOLE!
Mao!
•Nationalists – Chiang Kai-ShekVS! •Communists – Mao Zedong
(Mao Tse-Tung) WINNER!!!
(Jiang Jieshi) LOSER!!!
United States – Chinese Relations (1940s1950s)
• During WWII, U.S. allies with China (led by Chiang
Kai-Shek) to defeat Japan.
• So…during the Chinese Civil War, U.S. backs
Nationalists and Chiang Kai-Shek
• (Why?)
• After the Chinese Civil War, U.S. supports Taiwan
(Nationalists!), and promises protection from an
invasion by Communist China
• Communist China and Democratic Taiwan hate
each other to this day, and U.S. is in the middle!
U.S. – Chinese Relations
(1980s-present)
• Deng Xiaoping
• Four Modernizations –
transformed Chinese economy
• Poor agricultural communism
 some capitalist industry
• Ex. Some private businesses,
but majority of business are
controlled by the gov’t
• Effects: China’s market
economy leads to rapid
economic growth
• Effects: Still no political
freedoms due to
totalitarian/communist control
Deng Xiaoping – held out the carrot that
has led Western business into China!
Cold War
(1945 – 1989)
Anti-Communist strategy of containment in Asia led to
America’s involvement in two war
Korean War
Key Terms
Communist invasion
38th Parallel
Douglas MacArthur
Stalemate
Vietnam War
Key Terms
Containment
Domino Theory
Ho Chi Minh
Korean War (1950-1953)
• American
involvement in
Korea reflected the
policy of
containment
• Post-World War II 38th parallel
divided peninsula
– communist North
– democratic South
Korean War
(1950 – 1953)
• June 25, 1950
North Korea
invaded South
Korea
• United Nations
calls for member
nations to help
South Korea
Korean War
(1950 – 1953)
Cool History Fact: U.S. military
desegregated during the Korean
War – first in U.S. history!
• United States and United
Nations forces under
General MacArthur push
invaders towards the
Chinese border
• China enters war on side
of North Korea
• War ends in a stalemate
at the 38th parallel
• North Korea
(communist) still divided
from South Korea
(democratic) today!
VIETNAM WAR
Vietnam: Must Knows
Role of French Imperialism
Leadership of Ho Chi Minh
Vietnam as a divided Nation
Influence of the policy of containment
The United States and the Vietnam War
Vietnam as a reunited communist country today
Details…
NOTE: The SOL Test may not ask you about all the specific details given in the next few slides,
but they help students to gain a better understanding of the Vietnam War.
Vietnam War
• French Imperialism in
Southeast Asia leads to:
– Nationalist independence
movements
– Ho Chi Minh –
communist leader of the
Vietnamese nationalists
against the French
• Vietminh League
• Seek independence
following WWII
Vietnam War
• United States
gives aid to
French fighting
the communists
• Why?
Vietnam War
• Domino Theory –
U.S. theory developed
as a result of
containment – if one
country falls to
communism, then the
surrounding countries
will also become
communist (fall over
like dominoes)
Vietnam Civil War
– Ho Chi Minh leads
Vietminh to huge victory
over France
– Vietnam divided into
North Vietnam
(communist) and South
Vietnam (democrat?)
– United States takes over
helping South Vietnam
due to domino theory –
President Kennedy in the
early 1960s
Vietnam War
• South Vietnamese
government seen as
corrupt and unpopular
• Diem – South
Vietnamese leader –
really a brutal dictator
• Still receives U.S.
support
Self-immolation as protest
President Nixon
•
President Nixon was elected on
a pledge to bring the war to an
honorable end
• Vietnamization (1975)
– Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. troops
– replace them with South Vietnamese
forces using American equipment
– Sound familiar?
South Vietnam Falls
(1975)
• South Vietnamese
troops proved
unable to resist
invasion by the
Soviet supplied
North Vietnamese
army
Internal and external
pressures caused the
collapse of the Soviet
Union
ENDING THE COLD WAR
Internal
Economic inefficiency 
Economic collapse
Internal
Rising Nationalism in
Soviet Republics
Collapse of the U.S.S.R.
End of Cold War
Fall of the Berlin Wall
(1989)
NATO Expansion
Break up of
Soviet Union
(1991)
Collapse of Soviet Union –
internal
1. Rising
nationalism in
Soviet Republics
Warsaw Pact
Poland – Solidarity
movement
Hungary
Collapse of Soviet Union –
internal
2.
• Fast-paced reforms
– (market economy)
• Economic inefficiency
 economic collapse
Collapse of Soviet Union –
internal
• Increasing Soviet
military expenses to
compete with the
United States
Collapse of Soviet Union –
internal
• President Gorbachev – last
president of the U.S.S.R.
• Tried to stop the Soviet
collapse by using Western
ideas
– “glasnost”
• Openness
• More personal
freedoms
– “perestroika”
• economic
restructuring
• Some forms of
capitalism allowed in
the U.S.S.R.
Birthmark on forehead = can tell who he is
The Soviet
economy is
collapsing –
communist
totalitarianism
not working as
economic
system
Last president of
U.S.S.R. – tried to
stop collapse
Perestroika =
“economic
Glasnost =
Gorbachev restructuring”
“openness”
More capitalism
More freedoms
Mikhail
Cold War – wants to
stop the Soviet Union
Evil Empire
Ronald Reagan and the
U.S. pressured
Gorbachev to make
decisions
“Mr. Gorbachev – tear
down this wall.”
Ronald Increased U.S.
military
Reagan spending
Wall probably going
to come down
anyway
Collapse of Soviet Union – internal
3. break up in 1991!
Collapse of the Soviet Union
4.
• Leads to an expansion
in the number of
countries in NATO
• Area in light blue,
NATO countries in
Europe today
NATO
President Reagan
• Ronald Reagan
• Challenged moral
legitimacy of the
Soviet Union
• “Mr. Gorbachev,
tear down this
wall”
Fall of Berlin Wall (1989)
5. Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989
Fall of Berlin Wall
President Reagan
• Increased U.S.
military pressure on
the Soviet Union
President Reagan
• Increased U.S.
economic
pressure on the
Soviet Union
Cold War – wants to end
it as soon as possible!
British prime minister in
the 1980s – friend of
Reagan, anti-U.S.S.R.
Free trade
Less gov’t
regulation
Margaret
Thatcher
Military
buildup
Close personal
ties/political conservative
with Reagan and U.S.
Cold War Timeline
End of the Cold War
Superpowers
Sole Superpower
1945 - 1989
1989 - ?
YOU!!!
Are an SOL Power