Download Chapter 18, Section 4

Chapter 18, Section 4 and 5
The War in the Pacific
The Social Impact of the War
The Japanese Advance 1941 - 42
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December 7 – Pearl
Harbor.
December 8 – Wake
Island
December 10 – Guam
December 7 – March
1942 – Philippines.
Hitting any US target
Japanese Advance 1942

Japan hoped the US
would withdraw and
leave the easy access
to the natural
resources of southeast
Asia.
Japanese Advance
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March, 1942 – English
holdings of Singapore
and Hong Kong
seized.
Dutch lost East Indies,
Malaya, and Burma.
Allied Generals of the Pacific
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General Douglas
MacArthur
“I shall return.”
“Old soldiers never
die, they just fade
away.”
1880 – 1964
Soldier life
The Philippines Fall

March 1942 General
MacArthur withdrew
his and Philippine
troops to Bataan to try
to defend themselves
and hope for a Navy
rescue.
The Philippines Fall


March 1942 –
MacArthur gets out
April 1942 facing
starvation and more
attacks – US /
Philippine defenders
surrender
– EXCEPT
The Philippines fall

The Battle of
Corregidor
– 2000 US soldiers and
nurses withdrew to a
fort and survived
another month before
surrendering.
The Philippines Fall: The Bataan
Death March
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
76,000 Filipinos and
Americans taken
prisoner.
Forced march of weak,
sick prisoners through
jungle heat.
– 60 miles in 10 – 12
days.
The Bataan Death March
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Prisoners denied
water, rest.
Beaten, tortured and
executed along the
way.
10,000 died.
15,000 died in POW
camps
The Geneva Convention:
Treatment of prisoners in war

1929: Prisoners of war
shall at all times be
humanely treated and
protected, particularly
against acts of
violence.
– Japan forgot that!
The War at Sea

Remember what three
ships weren’t at Pearl
Harbor???
– Aircraft Carriers
• Saratoga
• Lexington
• Enterprise
War at Sea: Aircraft Carriers
April 1942 – Doolittle’s
Raid on Tokyo.
OBJECTIVE:
Psychological victory
May 1942 – Battle of
Coral Sea.
OBJECTIVE: Stop the
Japanese from
invading Australia
Battle of Coral Sea
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5-day battle
US lost the Lexington and
badly damaged the
Yorktown.
Lost half our planes
About the same losses for
the Japanese.
Ended in a draw – but the
Japanese didn’t invade
Australia.
Importance of the Battle of Coral
Sea
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It was carried out
entirely by aircraft.
The enemy ships
never even saw one
another.
Allied Victories Turn the Tide
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Battle of Midway
Battle of Guadacanal
Battle of Midway
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Yamamoto wanted to
try to lure the
Americans to Midway
Island to destroy what
was left of the fleet.
Battle of Midway
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June 1942
Battle fought entirely
in the air – like Coral
Sea.
Disabled the Yorktown
– then sunk by a
Japanese sub.
Japan lost 4 carriers
and 250 planes
Battle of Guadacanal
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After Midway the
Allies were on the
offensive.
Jungle warfare
– Snipers
– Booby-traps
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11,000 marines v.
2,200 Japanese.
5 month battle
Allied Policy: Island-Hopping
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General MacArthur,
Admiral William
Halsey, Admiral
Nimitz
By 1944, Allies able to
use B-29 bombers to
drop bombs over
Japanese cities.
The Philippines Campaign
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Battle of Leyte was
the start in 1944.
Hard fought battle
– 160,000 Americans
– 80,000 Japanese
– Only 1,000 Japanese
taken prisoner.
– First time
KAMIKAZES used
The Philippines Campaign
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100,000 Filipino
civilians were killed.
Not until June 1945
was the Philippines
under US control.
– ONE exception
• 1974
Iwo Jima
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The closer to Japan the
more bloody the
battles.
74 days American
bombers hit Japanese
fortifications.
110,000 American
troops v. 25,000
Japanese
Iwo Jima
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Three days of combat
and US forces had
only taken 700 yeards
of ground.
Battle went for a
month.
Only 216 Japanese
prisoners taken.
Iwo Jima
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25,000 Americans
died at Iwo Jima
27 Medals of Honor
were awarded for
“uncommon valor”
Battle of Okinawa
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The last obstacle before
invading Japan.
April – June 1945.
100,000 Japanese pledged
to fight to the death.
– 2,000 kamikaze attacks
against American ships.
– Countless Banzai charges.
Battle of Okinawa
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Only 7,200 Japanese
surrendered.
50,000 Americans
killed.
– Costliest battle of the
war.
The Manhattan Project

What would happen
when the US went to
invade Japan itself????
The Manhattan Project
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1939: Albert Einstein
wrote FDR suggested
creating an atomic
bomb.
Project named
“Manhattan Project”
The Manhattan Project
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J. Robert
Oppenheimer
Enrico Fermi
Work at the University
of Chicago and Los
Alamos, New Mexico.
“Now I am become
Death, the destroyer of
worlds.”
The Decision to Drop the Bomb
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Invading Japan would
likely cost millions of
Allied casualties.
Naval blockade might
starve Japan, along with
continued bombing.
Do a demonstration of the
bomb for the Japanese?
Soften the demand for an
unconditional surrender?
The decision to drop the bomb
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FDR suddenly dies.
President Harry
Truman was maybe
not aware of the power
of the bomb.
“You should do your
weeping at Pearl
Harbor”
The Decision to Drop the Bomb

August 6, 1945 –
– The Enola Gay
dropped the first bomb
over Hiroshima.
– 80,000 killed in an
instant
•
•
•
•
Intense heat
Radiation
Fire and wind
90% of the city
destroyed.
The second bomb
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August 9, 1945 Nagasaki
Japan surrenders

CONDITIONAL
surrender August 14,
1945.
– The emperor remained.
– V-J Day.
– Surrender signed
September 2, 1945
aboard the Missouri
Section 5
The Social Impact of War
Social Impact of War: African
Americans
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Jim Crow laws kept
many African
Americans from
defense contract jobs.
Unofficial segregation
in the North affected
employment,
education, housing
African Americans: Economic
Discrimination
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Despite desperate need
for defense workers –
most factories only
wanted white workers.
A Phillip Randolph
started to change that!
A. Phillip Randolph
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1889 – 1979
Union Organizer for
African Americans
Fought for Civil Rights for
African Americans
Organized a march on
Washington that made
FDR do something
radical.
FDR: Executive Order 8802
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For the first time,
government acted
against discrimination
based on race, creed,
color or national
origin in employment.
Wasn’t that powerful –
but it was a start.
Discrimination in WWII
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2 million African
Americans did get defense
contract jobs.
But still confined to live in
ghettos.
– 50% of housing for African
Americans was
substandard.
– 14% of white American
homes were substandard
Race Riots in WWII
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Detroit: 1943
– 34 killed
– “I’d rather see Hitler
and Hirohito win than
work next to a negro.”
• Defense plant worker in
1943 Detroit
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NYC: 1943
Soldiers and Segregation
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African Americans
and whites risked their
lives in war.
But at home and war,
racism and
discrimination did not
really change.
Soldiers and Segregation
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Segregation of troops
– African American units
that could only be
commanded by black
officers.
– Questions if black
officers could give
orders to white
soldiers.
Soldiers and Segregation
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“You know we don’t serve coloreds here,” the
man repeated … We ignored him, and just stood
there inside the door staring at what we had come
to see – German prisoners of war who were
having lunch at the counter … We continued to
stare. This was really happening. It was no jive
talk. The people of Salina, Kansas would serve
these enemy soldiers and turn away black
American Gis.”
– Lloyd Brown, African American GI 1942.
Soldiers and Segregation
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Lena Horne – jazz
singer / actress.
Refused to perform
when German POWs
were seated ahead of
African American
soldiers.
Double V and CORE
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The first V stood for
victory against the
Axis, the second for
winning equality at
home.
CORE – Congress of
Racial Equality (1942)
– Paved the way for the
Civil Rights movement
a decade later
Mexican Americans
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WWII did give
opportunities for
employment many
Mexican Americans
had not had in 1940.
Mexican Americans: The Bracero
Program
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Shortage of farm
laborers in WWII.
Agreement with
Mexico to bring
braceros to work in
the US.
– 200,000 came
– REALLY overcrowded
the barrios
Mexican Americans: The Zoot
Suit Riots
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A look favored by
many Mexican
American young men
in Los Angeles.
Thought “unAmerican” by many.
– Particularly by men in
uniform!
– Looked for zoot suiters
to attack
The Zoot Suit Riots
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1943, street fighting
grew into riots.
Mexican Americans
were often blamed and
arrested instead of the
GI s.
Military did do more
to restrict GI’s to
bases.
Native Americans
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23,000 Native Americans
left the reservations to
work or be GI’s.
Push was to leave behind
their culture and adapt to
white culture.
Most did not go back to
the reservations after the
war.
Cultural transition brought
a sense of “losing their
roots”
Japanese Americans

1941: 127,000
Japanese Americans in
the US.
– .1% of the population
– most lived on the west
coast and Hawaii
– 2/3 were born in the
US
Japanese Americans
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Intense prejudice
against Japanese
Americans
Early war hysteria
convinced Japanese
Americans were all
spies and saboteurs
Japanese Internment
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FDR’s Executive Order
9066 in February 1942
Military zones were
created in the US
– Foreign born Germans and
Italians were told to move
out of the zones.
– Canceled after a few
months
Japanese Internment
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War Relocation
Authority was to move
out everyone of
Japanese ancestry –
citizens and
noncitizens.
Sent to Internment
camps
Japanese Internment Camps
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Often took people
without giving a
chance to take care of
their homes,
businesses, and
valuables.
Didn’t know where
they were going – so
didn’t know how to
pack.
Japanese Internment Camps
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Barbed wire enclosed,
guarded “relocation
camps”
Wooden barracks with
cots, blankets and a
light bulb.
Common toilets,
showers and dining
room.
Legal Challenges to the
Internment Camps
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Korematsu v. US
(1944)
– Ruled the internment
was ‘constitutional’
and necessary
Legal Challenges to Internment
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1945: Japanese
Americans were
allowed to leave.
– Some were able to
resume their lives.
– Many had lost
everything.
Legal Challenges to Internment

1988: Congress passed
a law awarding every
surviving Japanese
American internee a
tax free payment of
$20,000.
Japanese Americans in the
Military
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US military wouldn’t
allow Japanese Americans
to serve until 1943.
17,000 NISEI volunteered
to serve in Europe.
Japanese 442nd
Regimental Combat team
won more medals for
bravery than any other
unit in the US.
Working Women
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WWII women were
able to fill the usually
men-only and higher
paying factory jobs.
1944 women made up
35% of the workforce.
Rosie the Riveter
posters.
Benefits and Problems of
Employment

Economic
independence for
women
– Paid off Depression
debts.
– Nest-eggs for future
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Patriotism
Self-confidence
booster
Benefits and Problems of
Employment
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African-American
women fought to be in
the factory jobs too.
1940: 6.8% of African
American women
were in factory jobs.
1944: 18%
Problems of Employment
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Prejudice from men
and society about
working in “men
only” jobs.
Less pay than what
men made.
Employers ignored
federal law “Equal
work = equal pay.”
Problems of Employment

What to do with the
children?
– Lack of day care
facilities.
– Women relied on
neighbors / family.
– Workdays were more
than 8 hour days.
– Household
responsibilities too.
After the War
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Most women were not
happy to give up their
jobs after the war.
But social pressures to
give the jobs back to
returning GI’s was too
much for most.
After the War in Japan
After the War: Japan

Most military and
government officials
committed hari kari at
the defeat of Japan.
Hirohito
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Ruled as a Constitutional
Monarch.
Said he had been a puppet
for the militarists /
fascists.
Died 1989
Some think he should’ve
been tried as a war
criminal.
New evidence to show he
was an active planner in
the war.
Japanese Royal Family Today
The Japanese War Crime Trials
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1946 – 1948
20,000 civilians and
military put on trial for
specific crimes to
Crimes Against
Humanity.
900 executions
Tojo Executed in 1948

often considered
responsible for the murder
of more than 10 million
civilians in China, Korea,
Philippines, Indochina,
and in the other Pacific
island nations, as well as
the murder of tens of
thousands of Allied
POWs and for the
approval of governmentsanctioned biological
experiments on POWs and
Chinese civilians
Yamamoto
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
Killed in an American
ambush in 1943.
First time the US used
assassination.
– Specific target assassination
had not been used before.
– US did not admit to this
until 1960s.
– “We killed Yamamoto.”
Issues of WWII still confront
Japan today

Questions about how
WWII is taught in
Japanese schools.
From an

th
11
Grade History Book
“When the Japanese
liberated Manchuria,
there was
unpleasantness.”
The Prime Minister of Japan

Regularly visits the
shrines to the war dead
– including the war
criminals.
Continuing issues with survivors

Comfort Women
reparation
– 200,000 women taken
to “comfort stations” to
service Japanese
soldiers.
– Often raped 20 – 40
times a day.
– Most murdered after
the war to hide the
crimes.
Continuing Issues With Survivors

After – effects of the
atom bombs.
– Healthwise
– Socially
– Does Pearl Harbor =
Hiroshima / Nagasaki?