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WWII most devastating total war 1939-1945 17 million soldier deaths More civilians Allies vs. Axis Powers Four continents – much of Europe destroyed War impacts civilians like never before Impact still felt today Power shifts from Europe to U.S. & U.S.S.R. Many conflicts today stem from WWII Atomic weapons pose a threat Germany’s “defeat” German generals request armistice negotiations with Allies – Nov. 1918 Never admit defeat German army allowed to remain intact Size reduced, but it becomes force for German nationalism Generals promote idea Germany could have won Germany’s “defeat” Weimar Republic in charge Constitutional Democracy 1st Official Act – sign Treaty of Versailles Must accept total defeat Total responsibility for start of WWI German people bewildered Believe “Stab in the Back” theory Don’t know of Allies threat to destroy Germany Treaty of Versailles War-guilt clause Reparations Shifted boundaries of nations Meanwhile . . . Inflation soars Political, social turmoil The Interior of the Palace des Glaces during the signing of the Peace Terms. Versailles, France. June 1919. (Photo National Archives) credit: U.S. Reparations included Costs of war Payments to widows & orphans of vets Disabled veterans Loss of territory to France, Italy, Poland Effects on the people 700 years of Habsburg reign ended Felt forced into democracy, betrayed, resentful, angry, alienated, shaken to their core Political extremes – Nazis on the right, Commies on the left German Hyperinflation This stack of German marks is equivalent to one silver dollar After 7 years, it stabilizes at $4 trillion to US $1 Germans looking To blame someone for troubles Scapegoat Jewish people For strong leader to bring back national pride Adolf Hitler Originally from Austria German Soldier during WWI – angry, resentful afterwards – vows revenge 1919 joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party) Quickly rose to power – strong leader/great speaker (persuasive) Called himself “Der Furher” the leader in German Adolf Hitler Promised to relieve Germany of its horrible state Tries to overthrow gov’t – sentenced to 5 yrs prison Only there 9 months Wrote the book Mein Kampf “my struggle” while in prison ARYAN race or Master Race Lebensraum Build up the military Hitler quotes Lebensraum – Living Space Without consideration of "traditions" and prejudices, it [Germany] must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation. --- Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf 1 Lebensraum & Racism Hitler believes Jews by nature (born with) are “Rootless” “Strangers” Customs, traditions differ from Christians Rumors of Jews killing Christian children Jews are running Russia Only matter of time until they “decompose” Only “right” Germany take land to east Promised to improve employment, inflation stabilize country, rebuild economy 1932 elections Places 2nd to Hindenburg 1933 appointed Chancellor - Suspends freedom of press, speech Storm troopers, police – “Brown Shirts” Silence opposition Reichstag passes Enabling Act – makes Hitler a dictator 1934 Hindenburg dies Hitler becomes President in addition to Chancellor – creates “Third Reich” Country in turmoil Peasants starving, unhappy, exploited WWI – ill prepared, millions dying, no hope of winning Czar abdicates 1917 Nicolas II - Czar Provisional gov’t – overthrown by Communists Family killed - 1918 Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks: 1917 “Workers of World Unite” “To each according to his need; from each according to ability.” As head of the Party, he becomes head of country – not a Czar Death - 1924 Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel” - Strong dictator Under his Vision Soviet model state Industrial leader Worldwide overthrow of capitalism Collectivized farms Millions starve Joseph Stalin Some industrial success – state owns businesses Centrally planned economy Eliminates any threat to power Closest supporters Death or camps in Siberia 1934 Great Purge -- Eliminate saboteurs Show Trials – 1936-1938 Forced to plead guilty, executed Virtually all political & military elite Sends millions of citizens to Siberian camps Benito Mussolini (1922) “Il Duce” By 1921 he created a Fascist Party Wealthy feared Communism “Black Shirts” Benito Mussolini Mid-20s – Italy: political, economic instability Mussolini – efficiency, order Suspends elections - outlaws political parties Centralizes economy Modernizes armed forces 1935 – invades Ethiopia - Independent Warplanes & poison gas Huge army Despite appeals, League of Nations does nothing – shows its weakness African Americans helped “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow.” Haile Selassie, Ethiopian Emperor Nationalistic military leaders get control of imperial Gov’t Attack, take over Chinese Province: Manchuria 1931 – renames Manchuka League of Nation investigate s– Japan quits League Spanish Army led by Francisco Franco rebelled against the Spanish Republic Revolts erupted throughout Spain Spanish civil war erupts 3,000 American/African volunteers fight to stop Franco Democratic countries don’t help Hitler & Mussolini help Franco, he becomes another fascist dictator Francisco Franco Failure of action with Japan Hitler removed Germany from the league - 1933 Mussolini and Ethiopia Kellogg-Briand Pact – 62 countries signed – no way to enforce Isolationism – Depression & don’t want to be involved Neutrality – Bans arms sales to nations at war, even civil wars President FDR delivers Quarantine Speech on Oct. 5, 1937. Speech reflects major shift from isolationism to need to “preserve peace.” “Need to protect ourselves from epidemic” Borders Belgium and France – key industrial area Direct violation of TOV – Demilitarized zone Hitler & Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis -1936 Hitler pushes for Austria German troops enter in ’38 – most welcome Nazis Britain & France protest– “German affair” Czechoslovakian region Crucial to defense Large German population Hitler, Mussolini British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain French President Edouard Daladier Meet in Munich Gave Hitler Sudetenland – hope for peace Averted War? Appeasement? “Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. Winston Churchill They chose dishonor. They will have war.” March 1939 – Hitler occupies western Czech Meanwhile . . . Italy invades & occupies Albania Britain, France pledge support to Poland Germany, Soviets sign Nonaggression Pact - 1939 Secret attachment to split Poland Sept. 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland Sept. 3, 1939 - Britain, France declare war on Germany Blitzkrieg – Poland Lightening War Fast, concentrated attack via air & land Germany takes Poland < Month Fortifications along France, German border Maginot Line Concrete walls Heavy artillery The Phony War • April 1940 – Hitler attacks Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg Splits French, British, Belgium troops Northern troops trapped at Dunkirk beaches, harbor Cross English Channel under fire 9 days Makeshift fleet – 900 – many manned by civilians 340,000 soldiers After Dunkirk Troops enter Paris Take over North Vichy Gov’t in South Charles de Gaulle Gov’t in exile – England French Resistance Germany controls France, goes after Britain New Prime Minister – Winston Churchill German attack by air 1-2 months continuous bombing 1,000 planes drop bombs Targeting civilians prohibited Attack ports, airfields, radar installations Aircraft factories, oil tanks Late Aug start attacking London Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) 20,000 Londoners dead 70,000 injured Invasion of Poland U.S. Cash & Carry – 1939 Any country can buy arms, must pay cash & use own ships Tripartite Pact – Germany, Japan, Italy – Mutual defense Axis Powers Lend-Lease Act US will lend money or lease war armaments to any country whose defense is crucial to US Shift out of neutrality Building U.S. defenses Selective Training & Service Act – 1st peace draft 16 million registered – 1 million drafted 1940 Election – FDR 3rd Term US = Arsenal of Democracy – March 1941 Hitler invades Soviet Union – June 1941 Breaks Non-Aggression Pact Atlantic Charter Churchill & Roosevelt pledge collective security, disarmament Self-determination, economic cooperation Freedom of the seas Battle in Atlantic – “Rattlesnakes” German wolf packs sinking merchant ships FDR says “Shoot on site” Hideki Tojo – Now Prime Minister Japan invades Indochina military bases U.S. create trade embargo No oil for war Peace talks Meanwhile Japan prepares attack Dec. 7, 1941 “Day of Infamy” U.S. now in World War II