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Toward Victory Section 4 VI- Victory in Europe A. Stalin urges Americans + British to open up a “second front” by invading France. 1. Roosevelt and Churchill did not believe their forces were strong enough. a. Decide on removing Italy from the war instead B. July 1943 American + British troops cross Mediterranean Sea from Tunisia. 1. Quickly gained control of Sicily 2. Mussolini is taken out of office a. Sep. 8 1943 new gov’t surrendered to the Allies 1) German troops in Italy continue to fight C. 1944 Allies were prepared to invade France under Gen. Eisenhower 1. June 6, 1944 (D-Day) 155,000 American, British & Canadian troops cross English Channel a. landed on 5 beaches at Normandy 1. 4 of 5 successful 2. Omaha beach unsuccessful a. 2,500 U.S. deaths b. Aug 25, 1944 Allies enter Paris D. Battle of the Bulge - Dec 16, 1944 Germans attack Belgium 1. Bad weather limited U.S. air support 2. German troops push against Allied lines creating a bulge 3. Nearly break through before running out of supplies and fuel a. Allies win despite heavy losses 1. Germany vulnerable at East & West E. Invasion of Germany 1. Jan 1945 – Soviets attack from east, Allies from west. 2. April 1945 Soviets reach Berlin a. ground and air attack by Allies 3. With Nazi empire crumbling, Hitler commits suicide 4. May 8 1945 Germany surrenders a. known as V-E Day F. Death of Roosevelt 1. April 12 1945 amidst invasion of Germany Roosevelt suffers stroke and dies 2. Harry S. Truman takes office VII-Victory in the Pacific A. Island hopping 1.U.S. forces sought to gain control of strategic islands on route to Japan’s mainland. 2. Guadalcanal a. fierce fighting by Japan- die rather than surrender 3. Iwo Jima + Okinawa a. Kamikaze- suicide missions 1. convinced U.S. that invasion of Japan was the only way to win the war. B. The Atomic Bomb 1. As Truman prepared an invasion of Japan he learns about the Manhattan Project a. Successful development of an Atomic Bomb 1. Aug. 6 1945- Hiroshima 2. Aug. 9 1945- Nagasaki 3. Aug. 14 1945- Japan announces surrender 4. Sept. 2 1945 surrender (VJ Day) VIII- The Holocaust A. Nazi victims- Hitler’s final solution 1. Genocide- attempt to wipe out an entire nation or group of people 2. Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, mentally and physically disabled. B. Death Camps 1.system of mass murder and torture a. 6 camps built in Poland b. hundreds in gas chambers at a time c. cruel torture and medical experiments C. War Crime trials 1. Allies took unprecedented step in prosecuting leaders of the losing side of war a. trial for war crimes 1. acts of cruelty and brutality beyond the rules of war and human behavior b. Germans prosecuted at Nuremburg 1. 12 Nazis sentenced to death by hanging c. similar trials in Japan IX- WWII Aftermath- the Cold War A. Stalin builds a communist ring or “Iron Curtain” to insulate the Soviet Union from western Europe 1. most eastern European countries became satellites a. country ruled by another nation B. Truman Doctrine 1. U.S. will support any nation under threat from Communist powers a. policy of containment of communism C. Berlin 1. Allies had split Germany in 4ths a. American, British, French, Soviet 2. Berlin also split 3. 1948 Western Allies want reunification of Germany a. Stalin opposes + blockades Berlin b. Hopes allies will give-in to Soviet control 4. Berlin airlift-Allied cargo planes airdrop tons of supplies for a year D. Germany Divided 1. Allies unify territorya. becomes West Germany 2. Soviet zone becomes East Germany 3. Thousands flee to W. Germany a. East German gov’t builds a wall dividing the city b. Berlin Wall stood for 28 yrs. as a symbol of divided Europe E. Alliances 1. Allies form NATO (North Atlantic treaty org.) 2. Soviet & Satellites= Warsaw Pact F. Bad News in 1949 1. Soviets develop Atomic Bomb 2. revolution in China leads to Communist take over