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Foreign Affairs 1920-1945-2 Unit X-2 The Western Hemisphere 1938 Declaration of Lima: Proclaimed that American nations would band together to work against all foreign intervention and activity Again, no enforcement provisions Needed a common hemispheric front against fascism By 1938 lots of German “tourists” and students in L.A. U.S. aid to L.A. U.S. helped Columbia buy a German airstrip from Germany U.S. aided L.A. in defense and military advice Canada Fully independent since 1931 Cooperation of Canada and U.S. in off-shore fisheries, protection of wildlife, navigation of the Great Lakes Seaway Treaty (not ratified by U.S. until 1950’s) Provided for a waterway which would enable ocean-going vessels to enter the Great Lakes from the St. Lawrence River and would provide cheap electricity to both countries Causes WWII Failure of the League of Nations to settle disputes peacefully U.S. Foreign policy: isolationism invited aggression Failure to disarm Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles Discontent due to the Depression Causes WWII continued Have-not nations wanted territory and resources Economic rivalry (tariffs, colonies, distrust) The rise of totalitarian states The War 1935 Italy took Ethiopia 1938 Germany annexed Austria 1938 Germany took the Sudetenland 1938 Munich Accords (Appeasement) 1939 Italy took Albania 1939 Germany took the rest of Czechoslovakia 1939 End of Appeasement 1939 Germany: non-aggression treaty with Russia Poland Germany divided by Polish Corridor Hitler demanded the right to build a road connecting the two Germany across the Polish Corridor Also wanted Danzig Poles refused Hitler claimed Poles were committing atrocities on German citizens in Polich Corridor Blitzkrieg (Lightening War) September 1939 General Mud usually Protected Poland in the fall but Germans too quick Germany used planes, tanks, infantry and took Warsaw in 3 weeks Refugees were bombed Russia attacked Poland from the east Brits and Fr. tried to blockade…no help U.S. Response Sept. 1939 U.S. lifted arms embargo but nations still had to pay in cash U.S. hated Hitler but still isolationist Sept 1939-Spring 1940: Sitzkrieg (for Hitler) Russia demanded occupation of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland Finland lasted 3 months, U.S. sent $30 million in non-military supplies Spring 1940 Sitzkrieg ended April 1940 Hitler demanded occupation of Belgium and the Netherlands Holland surrendered in 5 days Belgium lasted 18 days Brits and French in Belgium Miracle at Dunkirk: 600 private craft showed up to rescue 90% of the men at Dunkirk. Weapons and supplies left behind The Fall of France France fell in 3 weeks Terms of Armistice: Germany to keep 1 million French POW’s Vichy France ruled by Petain (French hero WWI) now considered traitor: German sympathizer and collaborator DeGaulle organized the French underground: The Free French At Home 1940 Burke-Wadsworth Act: first peacetime military draft in history Geography helped our isolationism Isolationists: America First Committees Cited Washington’s Farewell Address FDR called isolationists the Copperheads of 1941 Interventionists: Fight for Freedom Committees Europe at War Battle of Britain began less than 3 weeks after the fall of France Nazi Plan: Bomb S. England to pave the way for an invasion across the channel Churchill: Prime Minister England faced starvation due to blockade by Nazi subs Most equipment left at Dunkirk The Lend-Lease Act A way to help England without violating the Neutrality Acts Sept 1940 U.S. gave England 50 destroyers in exchange for naval sites and air bases (which we did not use until we were at war) Note: No amphibias vehicles in WWI Lend-Lease 1940 Lend-Lease Act: The President could send supplies to foreign nations to promote the safety of the U.S. Limitations: Congress had to appropriate $ and the President had to consult with the Army Chief of Staff and the Naval Chief of Operations Act of Havana Question: What about the colonies in Latin America belonging to European countries that had been conquered by the Nazis? Act of Havana 1940: Forbade the transfer of colonies from one non-American country to another. U.S. empowered to take emergency action Greenland from Denmark 1941 Election 1940 Issue: U.S. involvement in the war Interventionists v Isolationists The Issue cut through party lines Dems: FDR Third Term issue 449 Reps: Wendle Wilkie 82 Wilkie was and interventionist and a critic of the New Deal FDR appointed Republican interventionists to his cabinet: Knox (Navy) Stimson (War) The Atlantic Charter A result of secret meetings between FDR and Churchill Had to do with war aims: If the U.S. were to enter the war, regardless of how it happened, the first priority would be to take Hitler out Battle of the Atlantic 1941 Hitler attacked Greece and Yugoslavia U.S. had promised Lend-Lease aid but could not get there on time By 1941 U.S. Marines in Greenland (deal with Denmark & Act of Havana) U.S. used force to guarantee delivery of materials, supplies but did not send troops Japan Japanese cited Monroe Doctrine to justify actions in Pacific, China April 1941 Japan and Russia signed a 4-Year Neutrality pact Remember Russia also had non-aggression treaty with Germany U.S. talks with Japan Negotiations with Japan in Washington U.S. Hull Sec. of State, Japan: Prince Konoye We wanted them out of China They wanted oil Talks came to a standstill just prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 2,000 U.S. military killed 68 Hawaiians killed, 1,000 wounded Japanese diplomats in D.C. surprised too Surprise! Germany violated agreement and invaded Russia in June 1941 U.S. sent lend-lease to Russia Then, Japan entered AXIS with Germany and Italy U.S. stopped selling raw materials to Japan Did FDR Know? Brits desperate for help Isolationism could only be surmounted by a direct attack Wiped out entire Pacific fleet Part of old U.S.-Japanese war games Test Question for all Japanese officer candidates The language of the Atlantic Charter The U.S. at War Dec. 8, 1941 the U.S. declared war on Japan Within 3 days, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S….solved FDR’s problem with U.S. public and the Atlantic Charter Attack on Pearl Harbor did dissolve U.S. isolationism War General Tojo replaced Prince Konoye Hirohito emperor Japan took outposts at Wake Island and Guam Japan took British Hong Kong Japan took Independent Thailand 1942 British Singapore fell MacArthur from the Philippines, “I shall return.” Left 75,000 there The Pacific American Offensive Plan: Island Hopping: MacArthur from Austrailia to Philippines Nimitz from Hawaii toward Japanese Pacific stronghold Both planned to meet on Japan The Pacific May, 1942 Battle of Coral Sea: first allied victory June 1942 Midway August 1942 Guadalcanal Back to Europe Spring and Summer 1941 General Rommel in North Africa (the Desert Fox) Pushed the British back to Egyptian border and went after the Suez Canal Battle of the Atlantic (Greece and Yugoslavia) May 1941 Nazis in Crete June Hitler attacked Russia By December took Moscow and Leningrad The U.S. at War December 1941, Germans stopped by Russian Winter Russia desperate for lend-lease supplies Most U.S. forces sent west to Hitler Token forces in Asia U.S. no formal alliance with Brits and Free French but much cooperation George Marshall U.S. Army Chief of Staff War Eisenhower planning allied invasion of France across English Channel Still everything but troops to China (since 1924 Chaing Kai-shek) now fighting Japanese and communists Russia: allied success depended upon whether Russia could hold out Spring Nazis continued advance into Russia The U.S. at War Late 1942 lend-lease supplies funneled to Russia through Iran Russia struck back Spring 1943 Nazis surrendered in Russia and were being pushed toward Berlin by Russians Nov. 1942 Brits and U.S. in Morocco and Algiers and attacked Rommel Rommel surrendered May 1943 Africa, Italy, D-Day Attack on Rommel had nothing to do with supplies to Russia Eisenhower still collecting supplies and soldiers for invasion across channel July and August 1943 allies in Sicily Sept. 1943 Allies took Italy Mussolini had been overthrown by Italian people but then Hitler occupied Italy D-Day June 6, 1944 Over 9,000 vessels landed in Normandy By July, 1,000,000+ men had crossed the Channel and headed East Sept. 1944 allied troops had reached Germany in West, Russian troops at the border in the East Germany still bombing England Dec 20, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (5-week battle) The End for Germany April 1945 Russia took Berlin May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered VE Day May 8th ( Harry Truman’s 61st B-Day) FDR had died in April. Had been elected to 4th term in 1944 against Dewey Truman not well prepared or well informed The Pacific 1943-44 Island Hopping Oct 1944 MacArthur back to the Philippines 1945 Iwo Jima, Okinawa New Zealand: all men under 65 fighting Japan: Kamikaze pilots Japan had underestimated U.S. ability to mobilize By Dec 1942, 17 of the 19 ships from Pearl Harbor back in use Japan Emperor: Divine Right Japanese troops well-equipped and trained Hara-Kiri Disgrace to be captured alive Death marches Truman: Potsdam Declaration: Promised that if Japan surrendered immediately they would be given humane treatment, quick occupation…if not, complete and utter destruction The Manhattan Project Oppenheimer General Groves Hundreds of Scientists…3 bombs, fuel 2 uranium 1 plutonium Test (Trinity) July 16th, 1945 Alamogordo, NM The Bomb August 6, 1945 Tibbets Enola Gay Hiroshima 66,000 Killed instantly 68,000 later 98% buildings wiped out August 9, 1945 Nagasaki Second thoughts? Scientists: many regretted it all Truman: no second guesses BUT Everyone knew Japan out of fuel…that’s why kamikaze However, would’ve fought to the end Saved 1 million American lives Was it done to impress Russia? The Cost 50,000,000 died 600,000 wounded Post-war Germany: 25,000,000 homeless Displaced Persons: 600,000 Poles 1.5 million Russians Effects of the war at home By 1944 (in U.S.) 11 million + in uniform Biggest problem NOT THE MONEY Employment was the biggest problem Warm bodies for factories in demand Rosie the Riviter FDR: Fair Employment Practices Committee to eliminate discrimination against Blacks in industry and in government jobs Federal Agencies to Run the War War Production Board (priorities raw materials) Office of Mobilization (plant conversions) National labor Board By 1944 50% production was war production AFL and CIO voluntary no strike pledges Office of Public Administration: rationing, prices, wages Office of Scientific Research: penicillin, DDT, bazooka, radar-controlled arillary The Economy Increase in work week Manpower shortage Women to industry Rosie the Riveter No new cars built until after the war Scarcity of consumer goods =higher prices & black market Taxes up like WWI Biggest budget in history. War cost $108 Billion Civil Liberties Relocation Camps for Japanese Americans 1944 Korematsu v US 1992 (Clinton) Compensation Smith Act: illegal to teach or advocate overthrow of the government 1957 overturned in Yates v US Post WWII England freed colonies French ones had to fight for independence No Treaty at war’s end: Unconditional Surrender China returned to Chinese: civil war, nationalists Chiang Kai-shek) v communists (Mao Tse-tong) or (Zedong) 1943 repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act Post-War Italy: free without occupational forces Russia: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania Yalta Conference: Sell out at Yalta Occupational forces were supposed to be temporary Germany (and Austria) divided into 4 sections, Berlin too Conferences for Peace Casablanca: FDR & Churchill: agreed to demand unconditional surrender Cairo: FDR, Churchill, Chiang: Korea ind. Yalta: Churchill, FDR, Stalin Sellout Occupation of Germany after war New world organization: UN Free elections in Europe…Russia failed to keep promise The end of the war Nuremburg Trials: for war criminals. Important because it set the precedent for holding a leader responsible for the actions of a nation _______________________________ Amelia Earhart Harry Houdini Big Band era…swing