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Foreign Affairs
1920-1945-2
Unit X-2
The Western Hemisphere
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1938 Declaration of Lima: Proclaimed that
American nations would band together to work
against all foreign intervention and activity
Again, no enforcement provisions
Needed a common hemispheric front against
fascism
By 1938 lots of German “tourists” and students
in L.A.
U.S. aid to L.A.
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U.S. helped Columbia buy a German airstrip
from Germany
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U.S. aided L.A. in defense and military advice
Canada
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Fully independent since 1931
Cooperation of Canada and U.S. in off-shore
fisheries, protection of wildlife, navigation of the
Great Lakes
Seaway Treaty (not ratified by U.S. until 1950’s)
Provided for a waterway which would enable
ocean-going vessels to enter the Great Lakes
from the St. Lawrence River and would provide
cheap electricity to both countries
Causes WWII
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Failure of the League of Nations to settle
disputes peacefully
U.S. Foreign policy: isolationism invited
aggression
Failure to disarm
Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles
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Discontent due to the Depression
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Causes WWII
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continued
Have-not nations wanted territory and resources
Economic rivalry (tariffs, colonies, distrust)
The rise of totalitarian states
The War
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1935 Italy took Ethiopia
1938 Germany annexed Austria
1938 Germany took the Sudetenland
1938 Munich Accords (Appeasement)
1939 Italy took Albania
1939 Germany took the rest of Czechoslovakia
1939 End of Appeasement
1939 Germany: non-aggression treaty with Russia
Poland
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Germany divided by Polish Corridor
Hitler demanded the right to build a road
connecting the two Germany across the Polish
Corridor
Also wanted Danzig
Poles refused
Hitler claimed Poles were committing atrocities
on German citizens in Polich Corridor
Blitzkrieg (Lightening War)
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September 1939
General Mud usually Protected Poland in the fall
but Germans too quick
Germany used planes, tanks, infantry and took
Warsaw in 3 weeks
Refugees were bombed
Russia attacked Poland from the east
Brits and Fr. tried to blockade…no help
U.S. Response
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Sept. 1939 U.S. lifted arms embargo but nations
still had to pay in cash
U.S. hated Hitler but still isolationist
Sept 1939-Spring 1940: Sitzkrieg (for Hitler)
Russia demanded occupation of Lithuania,
Latvia, Estonia, Finland
Finland lasted 3 months, U.S. sent $30 million in
non-military supplies
Spring 1940 Sitzkrieg ended
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April 1940 Hitler demanded occupation of
Belgium and the Netherlands
Holland surrendered in 5 days
Belgium lasted 18 days
Brits and French in Belgium
Miracle at Dunkirk: 600 private craft showed up
to rescue 90% of the men at Dunkirk. Weapons
and supplies left behind
The Fall of France
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France fell in 3 weeks
Terms of Armistice: Germany to keep 1 million
French POW’s
Vichy France ruled by Petain (French hero
WWI) now considered traitor: German
sympathizer and collaborator
DeGaulle organized the French underground:
The Free French
At Home
1940 Burke-Wadsworth Act: first peacetime
military draft in history
 Geography helped our isolationism
 Isolationists: America First Committees
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Cited Washington’s Farewell Address
FDR called isolationists the Copperheads of 1941
 Interventionists: Fight for Freedom
Committees
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Europe at War
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Battle of Britain began less than 3 weeks after
the fall of France
Nazi Plan: Bomb S. England to pave the way
for an invasion across the channel
Churchill: Prime Minister
England faced starvation due to blockade by
Nazi subs
Most equipment left at Dunkirk
The Lend-Lease Act
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A way to help England without violating the
Neutrality Acts
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Sept 1940 U.S. gave England 50 destroyers in
exchange for naval sites and air bases (which we
did not use until we were at war)
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Note: No amphibias vehicles in WWI
Lend-Lease
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1940 Lend-Lease Act: The President could
send supplies to foreign nations to promote the
safety of the U.S.
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Limitations: Congress had to appropriate $ and
the President had to consult with the Army
Chief of Staff and the Naval Chief of
Operations
Act of Havana
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Question: What about the colonies in Latin
America belonging to European countries that
had been conquered by the Nazis?
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Act of Havana 1940: Forbade the transfer of
colonies from one non-American country to
another.
U.S. empowered to take emergency action
Greenland from Denmark 1941
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Election 1940
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Issue: U.S. involvement in the war
Interventionists v Isolationists
The Issue cut through party lines
Dems: FDR Third Term issue 449
Reps: Wendle Wilkie
82
Wilkie was and interventionist and a critic of the New
Deal
FDR appointed Republican interventionists to his
cabinet: Knox (Navy)
Stimson (War)
The Atlantic Charter
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A result of secret meetings between FDR and
Churchill
Had to do with war aims: If the U.S. were to
enter the war, regardless of how it happened, the
first priority would be to take Hitler out
Battle of the Atlantic
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1941 Hitler attacked Greece and Yugoslavia
U.S. had promised Lend-Lease aid but could not
get there on time
By 1941 U.S. Marines in Greenland (deal with
Denmark & Act of Havana)
U.S. used force to guarantee delivery of
materials, supplies but did not send troops
Japan
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Japanese cited Monroe Doctrine to justify
actions in Pacific, China
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April 1941 Japan and Russia signed a 4-Year
Neutrality pact
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Remember Russia also had non-aggression
treaty with Germany
U.S. talks with Japan
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Negotiations with Japan in Washington
U.S. Hull Sec. of State, Japan: Prince Konoye
We wanted them out of China
They wanted oil
Talks came to a standstill just prior to the Attack on
Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7, 1941 2,000 U.S. military killed
68 Hawaiians killed, 1,000 wounded
Japanese diplomats in D.C. surprised too
Surprise!
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Germany violated agreement and invaded Russia
in June 1941
U.S. sent lend-lease to Russia
Then, Japan entered AXIS with Germany and
Italy
U.S. stopped selling raw materials to Japan
Did FDR Know?
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Brits desperate for help
Isolationism could only be surmounted by a
direct attack
Wiped out entire Pacific fleet
Part of old U.S.-Japanese war games
Test Question for all Japanese officer candidates
The language of the Atlantic Charter
The U.S. at War
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Dec. 8, 1941 the U.S. declared war on Japan
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Within 3 days, Germany and Italy declared war
on the U.S….solved FDR’s problem with U.S.
public and the Atlantic Charter
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Attack on Pearl Harbor did dissolve U.S.
isolationism
War
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General Tojo replaced Prince Konoye
Hirohito emperor
Japan took outposts at Wake Island and Guam
Japan took British Hong Kong
Japan took Independent Thailand
1942 British Singapore fell
MacArthur from the Philippines, “I shall
return.” Left 75,000 there
The Pacific
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American Offensive Plan: Island Hopping:
MacArthur from Austrailia to Philippines
Nimitz from Hawaii toward Japanese Pacific
stronghold
Both planned to meet on Japan
The Pacific
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May, 1942 Battle of Coral Sea: first allied
victory
June 1942 Midway
August 1942 Guadalcanal
Back to Europe
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Spring and Summer 1941 General Rommel in
North Africa (the Desert Fox)
Pushed the British back to Egyptian border and
went after the Suez Canal
Battle of the Atlantic (Greece and Yugoslavia)
May 1941 Nazis in Crete
June Hitler attacked Russia
By December took Moscow and Leningrad
The U.S. at War
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December 1941, Germans stopped by Russian
Winter
Russia desperate for lend-lease supplies
Most U.S. forces sent west to Hitler
Token forces in Asia
U.S. no formal alliance with Brits and Free
French but much cooperation
George Marshall U.S. Army Chief of Staff
War
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Eisenhower planning allied invasion of France
across English Channel
Still everything but troops to China (since 1924
Chaing Kai-shek) now fighting Japanese and
communists
Russia: allied success depended upon whether
Russia could hold out
Spring Nazis continued advance into Russia
The U.S. at War
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Late 1942 lend-lease supplies funneled to Russia
through Iran
Russia struck back
Spring 1943 Nazis surrendered in Russia and
were being pushed toward Berlin by Russians
Nov. 1942 Brits and U.S. in Morocco and
Algiers and attacked Rommel
Rommel surrendered May 1943
Africa, Italy, D-Day
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Attack on Rommel had nothing to do with
supplies to Russia
Eisenhower still collecting supplies and soldiers
for invasion across channel
July and August 1943 allies in Sicily
Sept. 1943 Allies took Italy
Mussolini had been overthrown by Italian
people but then Hitler occupied Italy
D-Day June 6, 1944
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Over 9,000 vessels landed in Normandy
By July, 1,000,000+ men had crossed the
Channel and headed East
Sept. 1944 allied troops had reached Germany in
West, Russian troops at the border in the East
Germany still bombing England
Dec 20, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (5-week battle)
The End for Germany
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April 1945 Russia took Berlin
May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered
VE Day May 8th ( Harry Truman’s 61st B-Day)
FDR had died in April. Had been elected to 4th
term in 1944 against Dewey
Truman not well prepared or well informed
The Pacific
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1943-44 Island Hopping
Oct 1944 MacArthur back to the Philippines
1945 Iwo Jima, Okinawa
New Zealand: all men under 65 fighting
Japan: Kamikaze pilots
Japan had underestimated U.S. ability to mobilize
By Dec 1942, 17 of the 19 ships from Pearl Harbor
back in use
Japan
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Emperor: Divine Right
Japanese troops well-equipped and trained
Hara-Kiri
Disgrace to be captured alive
Death marches
Truman: Potsdam Declaration: Promised that
if Japan surrendered immediately they would be
given humane treatment, quick occupation…if
not, complete and utter destruction
The Manhattan Project
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Oppenheimer
General Groves
Hundreds of Scientists…3 bombs, fuel
2 uranium
1 plutonium
Test (Trinity) July 16th, 1945 Alamogordo, NM
The Bomb
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August 6, 1945 Tibbets Enola Gay Hiroshima
66,000 Killed instantly
68,000 later
98% buildings wiped out
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August 9, 1945 Nagasaki
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Second thoughts?
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Scientists: many regretted it all
Truman: no second guesses
BUT Everyone knew Japan out of fuel…that’s
why kamikaze
However, would’ve fought to the end
Saved 1 million American lives
Was it done to impress Russia?
The Cost
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50,000,000 died
600,000 wounded
Post-war Germany: 25,000,000 homeless
Displaced Persons:
600,000 Poles
 1.5 million Russians
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Effects of the war at home
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By 1944 (in U.S.) 11 million + in uniform
Biggest problem NOT THE MONEY
Employment was the biggest problem
Warm bodies for factories in demand
Rosie the Riviter
FDR: Fair Employment Practices Committee to
eliminate discrimination against Blacks in
industry and in government jobs
Federal Agencies to Run the War
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War Production Board (priorities raw materials)
Office of Mobilization (plant conversions)
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National labor Board
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By 1944 50% production was war production
AFL and CIO voluntary no strike pledges
Office of Public Administration: rationing,
prices, wages
Office of Scientific Research: penicillin, DDT,
bazooka, radar-controlled arillary
The Economy
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Increase in work week
Manpower shortage
Women to industry Rosie the Riveter
No new cars built until after the war
Scarcity of consumer goods =higher prices &
black market
Taxes up like WWI
Biggest budget in history. War cost $108 Billion
Civil Liberties
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Relocation Camps for Japanese Americans
1944 Korematsu v US
1992 (Clinton) Compensation
Smith Act: illegal to teach or advocate
overthrow of the government
1957 overturned in Yates v US
Post WWII
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England freed colonies
French ones had to fight for independence
No Treaty at war’s end: Unconditional
Surrender
China returned to Chinese: civil war,
nationalists Chiang Kai-shek) v communists
(Mao Tse-tong) or (Zedong)
1943 repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act
Post-War
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Italy: free without occupational forces
Russia: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania,
Bulgaria, Albania
Yalta Conference: Sell out at Yalta
Occupational forces were supposed to be
temporary
Germany (and Austria) divided into 4 sections,
Berlin too
Conferences for Peace
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Casablanca: FDR & Churchill: agreed to
demand unconditional surrender
Cairo: FDR, Churchill, Chiang: Korea ind.
Yalta: Churchill, FDR, Stalin Sellout
Occupation of Germany after war
 New world organization: UN
 Free elections in Europe…Russia failed to keep
promise
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The end of the war
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Nuremburg Trials: for war criminals.
Important because it set the precedent for
holding a leader responsible for the actions of a
nation
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Amelia Earhart
Harry Houdini
Big Band era…swing