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1. Ubiquitous Computing: Basic and Vision
1.1 Living in a Digital World
Profusion of digital devices designed to assist and automate more human tasks and
activities, to enrich human social interaction and enhance physical world interaction.
Profusion of multi-purpose smart mobile devices to access local and remote services.
(유무선 통신 기술, 전자 장치의 소형화, 저렴화, 고 신뢰성, 저 전력)
Many types of service provision to support everyday human activities concerned
with food, energy, water, distribution and transport and health are heavily reliant on
computers.
The term 'Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom) is used to describe ICT (Information
and Communication Technology) systems that enable information and tasks to be
made available everywhere, and to support intuitive human usage, appearing
invisible to the user.
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1.1.1 Chapter Overview
Smart DEI (Devices, Environments and Interaction) Framework Ubicom
1.1.2 Illustrative Ubiquitous Computing Applications
1.1.2.1 Personal Memories
Ubicom encompasses a wide spectrum of computers, no just devices that are general purpose
computers, multi-function ICT devices such as phones, cameras and game consoles, vehicle
control systems, mobile phones, and household appliances.
1.1.2.2 Adaptive Transport Scheduled Service
The position of transport vehicles is determined using automated positioning technology. e.g.,
GPS.
Vehicles on the route can tag locations that they anticipate will change the schedule of other
vehicles in that vicinity.
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1.1.2.3 Foodstuff Management
A ubiquitous home environment is designed to support healthy eating and weight regulation for
food consumers.
A next generation system automates this task using networked physical devices such as fridge
and other storage area for food and drink items which can monitor the food in and out.
1.1.2.4 Utitlity Regulation
A ubiquitous home environment is designed to regulate the consumption of a utility (such as
water, energy or heating) and to improve usage efficiency.
A ubiquitous system can be designed, using multi-agent system and autonomic system models,
to operate as a Smart Grid.
스마트
태까지
정에서
들까지
그리드는 전력망에 정보통신기술을 융합해 전기사용량과 공급량, 전력선의 상
알 수 있는 기술로 에너지 효율성을 극대화할 수 있다. 스마트 그리드는 일반 가
사용하는 TV, 냉장고와 같은 전자제품뿐 아니라 공장에서 돌아가는 산업용 장비
전기가 흐르는 모든 것을 묶어 효율적으로 관리하는 신개념 시스템이다.
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1.1.3 Holistic Framework for UbiCom: Smart DEI
Smart DEI framework
 Design architecture to apply UbiCom systems
 An internal model of the UbiCom system properties based upon five fundamental properties: distributed,
iHCI, context-awareness, autonomy, and artificial intelligence.
 A model of UbiCom system's interaction with its external environments.
1.2 Modeling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Projects
1.2.1 Core Properties of UbiCom Systems
The features that distinguish UbiCom systems from distributed ICT systems.
 Human-centered personalized environments
 UbiCom systems are part of, and used in, physical environments, sensing more of the physical
environment.
 (Fig. 1.2 Ref.)
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Weiser's vision for ubiquitous computing
 Computers need to be networked, distributed and transparently accessible.
 Human-computer interaction needs to be hidden more.
 Computers need to be context-aware in order to optimiise their operation in their
environment.
 Computers can operate autonomously, without human intervention, be self-governed, in
contrast to pure human-computer interaction.
 Computers can be handle a multiplicity of dynamic actions and interactions, governed by
intelligent decision-making and intelligent organizational interaction.
1.2.3 Implicit Human-Computer Interaction (iHCI)
1.2.3.1 The Calm Computer
 Computers are present but they are hidden.
1.2.3.2 Implicit Versus Explicit Human-Computer Interaction
1.2.3.3 Embodied Reality versus Virtual, Augmented and Mediated Reality
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1.2.4 Context-Awareness
The benefits of context-based ubiquity
 limiting the resource needed to deliver ubiquitous services.
 limiting the choice of access from all possible services to only the useful services.
 avoiding overburdening the user with too much information and decision-making.
 supporting a natural locus of attention and calm decision-making by users.
1.2.4.1 Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical, User, Virtual
 Three main types of external environment context-awareness supported in UbiCom.
 Physical environment context: location, time, temperature, rainfall, light level, etc.
 Human context: identity, preferences, task requirements, social context and other
activities, user experience and prior knowledge and types of user.
 ICT context and virtual environment context: 내․외부적으로 가용인 서비스들을 인식
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1.2.4.2 User-Awareness
1.2.4.3 Active versus Passive Context-Awareness
 The UbiCom system is aware of the environment context on behalf of the user, automatically adjusting
the system to the context without the user being aware of it.
 A passive context-aware system can also be configured to report deviations from a pre-planned context
path.
1.2.5 Autonomy
An autonomous system may still be interfaced with other systems and environments.
Software agent system
1.2.6 Intelligence
Intelligence can enable systems to act more proactively and dynamically in order to support the
following behaviors in UbiCom systems.
 Modeling of its physical environment
 Modeling and mimicking its human environment
 Handling incompleteness
 Handling non-deterministic behavior
 Semantic and knowledge-based behavior
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1.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction
There are three basic types of environment for UbiCom systems:
 The infrastructure of the other ICT systems.
 The physical world environment.
 The human environment.
Several basic types of system environment interaction occur: between humans and
ICT systems, HCI between ICT systems and the physical world, CPI; between ICT
systems, C2C or CCI.
1.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model
• Three basic architectural design patterns for ubiquitous ICT system: smart devices,
smart environments and smart interaction are proposed.
• Fig. 1.6 Ref.
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1.4.1 Smart Devices
Mobility
Volatile Service Access
 Intermittent devices access software services and hardware intermittently.
 Service discovery: devices can dynamically discover available services or even changes in the service
context.
1.4.2 Smart Environments
Tagging, Sensing and Controlling Environments
Embedded versus Untethered
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