Download Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach

Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: T0264/Inteligensia Semu
: Juli 2006
: 1/0
Pertemuan 1
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ?
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• << TIK-99 >>
• << TIK-99>>
2
Outline Materi
•
•
•
•
•
Materi 1
Materi 2
Materi 3
Materi 4
Materi 5
3
1.1. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ?
•
Artificial Intelligence definition
– Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to
make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better.
References :
• Rich E. and Knight K. “Artificial Intelligence”,
1991.
• Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig “Artificial
Intelligence A Modern Approach”, Second Edition,
2003.
•
Sri Kusumadewi, “Artificial Intelligense (Teknik dan
Aplikasinya), Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta 2003.
4
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligent System
Input
Problem
Knowledge
Inference
Base
Engine
Output
Solusi
5
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Untuk sistem yang baik pertimbangkan :
1. Mendefinisikan masalah dengan tepat
2. Menganilisis masalah serta mencari
teknik penyelesaian yang sesuai
3. Merepresentasikan pengetahuan yang
perlu untuk menyelesaikan masalah
tersebut
4. Memilih teknik penyelesaian masalah
yang baik
6
1.1.1. The AI Problem
Some of the task domains of Artificial Intelligence
• Mundane Tasks
– Perception :
– Vision
– Speech
• Natural Languange :
– Understandin
– Generation
– Translation
• Commonsense reasoning
• Robot control
7
1.1.1. The AI Problem
Some of the task domains of Artificial Intelligence
• Formal Tasks
• Games :
–
–
–
–
Chess
Backgammon
Checkers
Go
• Mathematics :
–
–
–
–
Geometry
Logic
Intergral calculus
Proving properties of programs
8
1.1.1. The AI Problem
Some of the task domains of Artificial Intelligence
• Expert Tasks
– Engineering :
• Design
• Fault finding
• Manufacturing planning
– Scientific analysis
– Medical diagnosis
– Financial analysis
9
1.1.2. BIDANG-BIDANG CAKUPAN AI
1.
Sistem Pakar (Expert System) : komputer sebagai
sarana untuk menyimpan pengetahuan para pakar
sehingga komputer mempunyai keahlian dan bisa
menyelesaikan permasalahan seperti pakar
2.
Pengolahan Bahasa Alami (Natural Language
Processing) : komputer dapat berkomunikasi dengan
manusia dengan menggunakan bahasa sehari-hari.
Sehingga komputer dapat menterjemahkan dari satu
bahasa ke bahasa lain.
3.
Pengenalan ucapan (Speech Recognition) :
komputer dapat melakukan komunikasi dengan
manusia melalui suara (ucapan)
10
4. Computer Vision) : komputer dapat melakukan
interpretasi terhadap gambar atau pola yang tampak.
5. Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction : komputer
dapat digunakan sebagai tutor.
6. Robotikan & sistem sensor (Robotic & Sensory
System) : komputer digunakan sebagai pusat
pengendali dalam sistem robot cerdas.
7. Game palying : komputer sebagai pemain dan dapat
berlajar dari permainan yang pernah dilakukan.
8. Fuzzy Logic : komputer dapat mengambil keputusan
dalam hal-hal yang tidak jelas atau kondisi diantara Ya
dan Tidak.
11
1.2 The Underlying Assumption
The physical symbol system hypothesis [Newel and
Simon 1976]
• A physical symbol system consists of a set entities,
called symbol, which are physical patterns that can occur
as component of another type of entity called an
expression (or symbol structure)
• A physical symbol system is machine that produces
through time an evolving collection of symbol structure
• A physical symbol system has the necessary and
sufficient means for general intelligent action.
12
1.3 What is an AI Technique?
1.3.1 Tic Tac Toe
Although AI
techniques must be
designed in keeping
with these
constraints imposed
by AI problems,
there is some degree
of independence
between problems
and problem solving
techniques.
13
1.3 What is an AI Technique?
1.3.2 Question Answering Example
Marry went shopping for a new coat. She found
a red one she really liked . When she got it
home, she discovered that it went perfectly
with her favorite dress.
Q1:What did Marry go shopping for ?
Q2:What did Marry find that she liked?
Q3:Did Marry buy anything ?
14
1.3. What is an AI Technique?
A Structure Representation of a Sentence
Event2
Instance
:
Finding
Tense
:
Past
Agent
:
Marry
Object
:
Thing1
Thing1
Instance
:
Coat
Color
:
Red
Event2
Instance
:
Liking
Tense
:
Past
Modifier
:
Much
Object
:
Thing1
15
1.3 What is an AI Technique?
• Shopping Script :
– Roles
– Props
– Location
: C(customer),
S(salesperson)
: M (merchandise),
D(dollars)
: L (a store)
16
1. C enters L
2. C begin looking around
3.C looks for a specific M
4.C looks for any interesting M
5. C asks S for help
6.
7. C finds M’
9.C leaves L 10.C buys M’
8. C fails to find M
11.C leaves L
12. goto step 2
13. C leaves L
14. C takes M’
17
1.3.3 Conclusion of AI Technique
– Search
Provides a way of solving problems for which no more direct
approach is available as well as a framework into which any
direct techniques that are available can be embedded.
– Use of Knowledge
Provides a way of solving complex problem by exploiting the
structures of the objects that are involved.
– Abstraction
Provides a way of separating important features and variations
from the many
unimportant ones that would otherwise
overwhelm any process.
18
• 1.4 The Level of the Model
Before we set out to do some thing, it is good idea
to decide exactly what we are trying to do
• The first class program attempt to solve
problems that do not really fit our definition of AI
task. Computer could easy solve, easy solution
would exploit mechanisms that do not seem to
be available to people.
• The second program that attempt to model
human performance are those that do thing that
fall more clearly within our definition of AI task;
they do things that are not trivial for the
computer
19
1.5 Criteria for Success
How will we know if we have succeeded ?
• Artificial Intelligent is no exception. But can
we do anything to measure our progress
• The goal of the machine is to fool the
interrogator into believing that it is the
person.
• If the machine succeeds at this, then we will
conclude that the machine can think.
• The machine allowed to do whatever it ca to
fool the inerrogator
20
1.6. Final Word
How actually to go about solving these problem ?
We need methods to help us to solve AI’s serious
dilemma :
• An AI system must contain a lot of knowledge if
it is to handle anything but trivial toy problems.
• But as the amount of knowledge grows, it
becomes harder to access the appropriate thing
when needed, so more knowledge must be
added to help. But now there is even more
knowledge to manage, so more must be added,
and so forth.
21
<< CLOSING>>
Good Luck
22