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Transcript
Matakuliah Tahun Versi : T0264/Inteligensia Semu : Juli 2006 : 1/0 Pertemuan 1 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ? 1 Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : • << TIK-99 >> • << TIK-99>> 2 Outline Materi • • • • • Materi 1 Materi 2 Materi 3 Materi 4 Materi 5 3 1.1. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ? • Artificial Intelligence definition – Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better. References : • Rich E. and Knight K. “Artificial Intelligence”, 1991. • Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig “Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach”, Second Edition, 2003. • Sri Kusumadewi, “Artificial Intelligense (Teknik dan Aplikasinya), Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta 2003. 4 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial Intelligent System Input Problem Knowledge Inference Base Engine Output Solusi 5 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Untuk sistem yang baik pertimbangkan : 1. Mendefinisikan masalah dengan tepat 2. Menganilisis masalah serta mencari teknik penyelesaian yang sesuai 3. Merepresentasikan pengetahuan yang perlu untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut 4. Memilih teknik penyelesaian masalah yang baik 6 1.1.1. The AI Problem Some of the task domains of Artificial Intelligence • Mundane Tasks – Perception : – Vision – Speech • Natural Languange : – Understandin – Generation – Translation • Commonsense reasoning • Robot control 7 1.1.1. The AI Problem Some of the task domains of Artificial Intelligence • Formal Tasks • Games : – – – – Chess Backgammon Checkers Go • Mathematics : – – – – Geometry Logic Intergral calculus Proving properties of programs 8 1.1.1. The AI Problem Some of the task domains of Artificial Intelligence • Expert Tasks – Engineering : • Design • Fault finding • Manufacturing planning – Scientific analysis – Medical diagnosis – Financial analysis 9 1.1.2. BIDANG-BIDANG CAKUPAN AI 1. Sistem Pakar (Expert System) : komputer sebagai sarana untuk menyimpan pengetahuan para pakar sehingga komputer mempunyai keahlian dan bisa menyelesaikan permasalahan seperti pakar 2. Pengolahan Bahasa Alami (Natural Language Processing) : komputer dapat berkomunikasi dengan manusia dengan menggunakan bahasa sehari-hari. Sehingga komputer dapat menterjemahkan dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain. 3. Pengenalan ucapan (Speech Recognition) : komputer dapat melakukan komunikasi dengan manusia melalui suara (ucapan) 10 4. Computer Vision) : komputer dapat melakukan interpretasi terhadap gambar atau pola yang tampak. 5. Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction : komputer dapat digunakan sebagai tutor. 6. Robotikan & sistem sensor (Robotic & Sensory System) : komputer digunakan sebagai pusat pengendali dalam sistem robot cerdas. 7. Game palying : komputer sebagai pemain dan dapat berlajar dari permainan yang pernah dilakukan. 8. Fuzzy Logic : komputer dapat mengambil keputusan dalam hal-hal yang tidak jelas atau kondisi diantara Ya dan Tidak. 11 1.2 The Underlying Assumption The physical symbol system hypothesis [Newel and Simon 1976] • A physical symbol system consists of a set entities, called symbol, which are physical patterns that can occur as component of another type of entity called an expression (or symbol structure) • A physical symbol system is machine that produces through time an evolving collection of symbol structure • A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action. 12 1.3 What is an AI Technique? 1.3.1 Tic Tac Toe Although AI techniques must be designed in keeping with these constraints imposed by AI problems, there is some degree of independence between problems and problem solving techniques. 13 1.3 What is an AI Technique? 1.3.2 Question Answering Example Marry went shopping for a new coat. She found a red one she really liked . When she got it home, she discovered that it went perfectly with her favorite dress. Q1:What did Marry go shopping for ? Q2:What did Marry find that she liked? Q3:Did Marry buy anything ? 14 1.3. What is an AI Technique? A Structure Representation of a Sentence Event2 Instance : Finding Tense : Past Agent : Marry Object : Thing1 Thing1 Instance : Coat Color : Red Event2 Instance : Liking Tense : Past Modifier : Much Object : Thing1 15 1.3 What is an AI Technique? • Shopping Script : – Roles – Props – Location : C(customer), S(salesperson) : M (merchandise), D(dollars) : L (a store) 16 1. C enters L 2. C begin looking around 3.C looks for a specific M 4.C looks for any interesting M 5. C asks S for help 6. 7. C finds M’ 9.C leaves L 10.C buys M’ 8. C fails to find M 11.C leaves L 12. goto step 2 13. C leaves L 14. C takes M’ 17 1.3.3 Conclusion of AI Technique – Search Provides a way of solving problems for which no more direct approach is available as well as a framework into which any direct techniques that are available can be embedded. – Use of Knowledge Provides a way of solving complex problem by exploiting the structures of the objects that are involved. – Abstraction Provides a way of separating important features and variations from the many unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any process. 18 • 1.4 The Level of the Model Before we set out to do some thing, it is good idea to decide exactly what we are trying to do • The first class program attempt to solve problems that do not really fit our definition of AI task. Computer could easy solve, easy solution would exploit mechanisms that do not seem to be available to people. • The second program that attempt to model human performance are those that do thing that fall more clearly within our definition of AI task; they do things that are not trivial for the computer 19 1.5 Criteria for Success How will we know if we have succeeded ? • Artificial Intelligent is no exception. But can we do anything to measure our progress • The goal of the machine is to fool the interrogator into believing that it is the person. • If the machine succeeds at this, then we will conclude that the machine can think. • The machine allowed to do whatever it ca to fool the inerrogator 20 1.6. Final Word How actually to go about solving these problem ? We need methods to help us to solve AI’s serious dilemma : • An AI system must contain a lot of knowledge if it is to handle anything but trivial toy problems. • But as the amount of knowledge grows, it becomes harder to access the appropriate thing when needed, so more knowledge must be added to help. But now there is even more knowledge to manage, so more must be added, and so forth. 21 << CLOSING>> Good Luck 22