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PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
BRAINS OF ANIMALS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
CAN THEY TURN HOSTILE?
WHERE ARE WE GOING?
INTRODUCTION
 Computer systems that can:
 simulate intelligent behaviour and
 perform tasks normally requiring human
intelligence
 Interact with the real world (do something?)
Lower intelligence
Control loops interfacing with sensors / actuators
Similar to autonomic nervous systems
Act repetitively / unconsciously
In animals - regulate heart rate etc.
Sympathetic = quick and mobilizing
Parasympathetic = slower and activated
Quickly controlling actuators
More slowly monitoring sensors
Need to be told what to do
Can be left unattended
BRAINS OF ANIMALS
More intelligent =similar to animal brains
More cognisant and less repeatable.
Brain is higher control centre:
Walking, thinking, intellectual activities
Plans / decides how to do things
Learns / remembers
Originally = continuous
Now = discrete (managed by clocks)
Can a brain be simulated?
Will simulated brains be intelligent?
BRAINS OF ANIMALS
 Copy brain into hardware / software?
 Essentially identical?
 Computers have speed + memory
 Only do what their designers understood
 Some skills and talents there
 Some not
 What are human abilities?
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence exhibited by machines / software
Can learn by observing
General intelligence is long term goal
Challenges include
Reasoning, planning, learning, perception
Philosophical issues
Ethics / Character of the mind
Brain is analogue NOT digital
Human Intelligence may not be an algorithm
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
1940s -Idea of child like machine
1950s - Turing
1956 - John McCarthy "Artificial Intelligence”
"the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines"
1960s - Programming computers
"within a generation the problem of
creating AI will be substantially solved“
Now… Machines exceeding human performance
But … still no ``child machine'‘
We cannot agree what to call intelligent
CAN THEY TURN HOSTILE?
Is AI going to terminate us all ?
Open letter from Stephen Hawkin note
"Because of the great potential of AI, it is important
to research how to reap its benefits while avoiding
potential pitfalls."
Worry is NOT eerie growing consciousness
Worry is ability to make high-quality decisions
aligned with our values
something else - tricky to identify.
CAN THEY TURN HOSTILE?
Old legend of genie in the lamp;
you get what you ask for - not what you want
Bigger unease about hypothetical menaces
We need useful intelligence.
AI is a tool not a threat
Massive difficulty of creating perceptive AI
Machine learning can: - differentiate categories
- fit data etc
CAN THEY TURN HOSTILE?
Cannot understand human intentions / desires.
Any spiteful AI would require those abilities.
They do not know that humans exist in any
meaningful way
It would be thrilling if AI was about to get
frightening
Parts that may cause real difficulties are not
computers but actuators
1 or 2 year old infant AI may be frightening
WHERE ARE WE GOING ?
Cheap parallel computing - billions of neurons
Big Data
Massive computing power
But what should they be allowed to do?
Who to kill on the battlefield?
Our brain is analogue
AI may need analogue computers NOT digital
But - Can our replicas ever surpass reality?
WHERE ARE WE GOING ?
AI may take over choices…
e.g: driving cars, aiming and firing missiles.
Life & death decisions / ethical problems
If AI makes a decision we regret - change software
We can modify principles that govern them
Human beings make mistakes
- intelligent machines will too
WHERE ARE WE GOING ?
Difference between intelligence / decision-making
Intelligent machines can be useful
Stupid machines are scary
Algorithms can make appropriate decisions
then suddenly make a crazy one
AI has no emotion - not subject to natural selection
No metric for intelligence - are we improving?
Humans use a virtual model
Long way from replicating: anger, fear, aggression
Even Deep Blue - anyone can pull the plug