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Computers Think Like Their Users Jon Van <Chicago Tribune> on <the Press of Atlantic City>, page F1, April 3, 2005 Inexorable Emergence • Machine intelligence is the inexorable emergence of the new century, as asserted by Ray Kerzweil in 2000. • This paper provides two examples showing such emergence is looming up. Example 1 in Article • Watson – It watches what the user reads and writes and can go online for information it thinks the user might need. – It costs $99 to thousands of dollars. Examples 2 in Article • A system being used in NICE Systems, Inc. – Its software can determine when a phone caller becomes emotional, which is used to monitor a company’s call center conversations. – It looks at the pitch, volume, tone, speed and tempo of caller’s voice and watches how those change over time. Discussion One More Example • Thought-Catcher – On CNN News, 2/2/2006, it reports that a mechanism, worn on the head of a handicapped, can move the pointer on screen following the user’s ‘thought’. It is also able to change TV channels at the will of the user. Discussion Faster vs. Smarter • “Computers haven’t gotten more deep cognitively, but they have gotten a lot faster.” “What we can do is use that speed to do brute force calculations to solve problems.” (p.1, col. 1, bottom) • “...More speed makes computers more useful but doesn’t endow them with intelligence.” (p.2, col.4) • Faster speed can make computer smarter, since it can scrutinize more possible options in a short time and make smarter decisions. Brute Force • ‘Brute force’ is an approach of decision making, which compares all possible decision options, then pick the best option. • A brute force approach is in trouble if there are too many options. Discussion Can We Be Relaxed? • “Computers have long been likened to human brains, sparking fears and hopes that someday a collection of silicon and wires would think like a person. But even today’s most powerful units are not smart enough to tie a shoelace or do anything most human 4-year-olds accomplish thoughtlessly.” (p.1, col. 2, middle) • Do we therefore feel relaxed that computers will never think like us, based on the fact that current computers are not as smart as 4year-olds? Discussion Prospective Near-Future • Computer’s intelligence is growing exponentially. • Out intelligence remains unchanged. • Once a computer is of intelligence of a 4year-old, then – all computers have intelligence of that level; – it’s not far for a computer to have intelligence of a 40-year-old; – it’s not far for a computer to have intelligence of all 40-year-olds of mankind. Discussion Must Intelligence Be BrainLike? • Electronic computers are getting faster, but speed doesn’t endow it with intelligence. “We need to better understand the brain’s architecture,... build a different kind of computer modeled after that.” (p.2, col.4) • Intelligence can be achieved in a way that is different from ‘brain-like’ structure. • Brain-like intelligence is not perfect. Its flaws: • Brain-like intelligence is a way to achieve machine intelligence, but not the only way. Discussion Artificial Intelligence Approach? • “Complicated problems are being solved these days by using approaches having little to do with artificial intelligence, said IBM’s White. (p.2, col.3) • What is on earth the “approach of artificial intelligence”? • It is still a controversial issue. • A misconception: – An intelligence function is no longer viewed intelligent once it is achieved by machines. (such as smart mop, spelling check)