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CS461: ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Computer Science
Department
Lecture 1: Introduction
Syllabus
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Goal of the course:
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Understand the fundamental concepts of Artificial Intelligence
Understand different methods of search and optimization in AI
Able to develop small application using heuristic functions to solve
any search problem in AI
Understand the fundamental concept of logic in AI (Search Methods,
Propositional logic, first order logic, Neural Network……)
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Computer Science Department
Syllabus
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Recommended Books:
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1.
“Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach” Stuart Russell,
Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, 2003 (new edition 2006)
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“Artificial Intelligence In Perspective”,
Bobrow
3.
“Artificial Intelligence Illuminated” Ben Coppin, Jones and
Bartlett illuminated Series, 2004
4.
“Artificial Intelligence: A new synthesis”
Morgan Kaufmann, 1998
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by Daniel
G.
Nils Nilsson,
Computer Science Department
Syllabus
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Grading
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MT1
MT2
Final exam
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15%
15%
40%
Computer Science Department
What is AI?
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AI is the simulation of the intelligence human
processes.
AI is the reproduction of the methods or the
results of human reasoning or intuition
AI is the study of mental faculties by calculative
and data-processing methods
Use calculative models to simulate an intelligent
behavior
Machines imitating the human
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Computer Science Department
What is AI?
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Getting computers to do the right thing based on
their circumstances and what they know.
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Computer Science Department
What is AI?
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Views of AI fall into four categories:
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Thinking humanly
Thinking rationally
Acting humanly
Acting rationally
Computer Science Department
Thinking humanly
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The way in which the computer carries out the tasks is important
Cognitive Science → theories that study the way human would
think . The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings
together computer models from AI and experimental techniques
from psychology to try to construct precise and testable theories
of the workings of the human mind.
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Computer Science Department
Turing Test
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Turing (1950) was interested in the following question:
 Can machines think?
But he immediately decides that answering this question directly is
hopeless.
The Element of the Test Are:
• An interrogator (a person who
will ask questions)
• a computer (intelligent
machine !!)
• A person who will answer to
questions
• A curtain (separator)
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Computer Science Department
Acting humanly: Turing Test
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Typed input/output only
 Any kind of question is fair.
 The player poses questions to the
computer/other human.
 Can the player reliably distinguish the
computer from the human?
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Computer Science Department
Passing the Test
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Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language
understanding, learning
The computer would need to possess some capabilities:
• Natural language processing: To communicate successfully.
• Knowledge representation: To store what it knows or hears.
• Automated reasoning: to answer questions and draw
conclusions using stored information.
• Machine learning: To adapt to new circumstances and to
detect and extrapolate patterns.
• Computer vision: To perceive objects.
• Robotics to manipulate objects and move.
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Computer Science Department
Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"
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Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:
notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not
have proceeded to the idea of mechanization
Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
Problems:
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Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?
Computer Science Department
Acting rationally: rational agent
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Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement,
given the available information
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Computer Science Department
Applied Areas of AI
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Game playing
Speech and language processing
Expert reasoning
Planning and scheduling
Vision
Robotics
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Computer Science Department
Some Examples
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Playing chess
Driving on the highway
Translating languages
Recognizing speech
Diagnosing diseases
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Computer Science Department
Playing Chess
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Environment?
 Board
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Actions?
 Legal moves
Doing the right thing?
 Moves that lead to wins
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Computer Science Department
Recognizing Speech
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Environment
 Audio signal
 Knowledge of user
Actions
 Choosing word sequences
Doing the right thing
 Recovering the users words
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Computer Science Department
Diagnosing Diseases
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Environment
 Patient information
 Results of tests
Actions
 Choosing diseases
 Choosing treatments
Doing the right thing
 Eliminating disease
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Computer Science Department
Translation
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Environment
 Source text to be translated
Actions
 Word sequences in target language
Doing the right thing?
 Words that achieve the same effect
 Words that are faithful to the source
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Computer Science Department
Driving
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Environment
 Restricted access highway
Actions
 Accelerate, turn, navigate, other controls
Doing the right thing
 Stay safe, get where you want to go, get there quickly
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Computer Science Department
2005 DARPA Challenge
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Computer Science Department
2007 Challenge
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The DARPA Urban Challenge will feature autonomous ground vehicles
executing simulated military supply missions safely and effectively
in a mock urban area. Safe operation in traffic is essential to U.S.
military plans to use autonomous ground vehicles to conduct
important missions.
DARPA will award prizes for the top three autonomous ground vehicles
that compete in a final event where they must safely complete a 60mile urban area course in fewer than six hours. First prize is $2
million, second prize is $500,000 and third prize is $250,000. To
succeed, vehicles must autonomously obey traffic laws while
merging into moving traffic, navigating traffic circles, negotiating
busy intersections and avoiding obstacles.
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Computer Science Department