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Why do babies develop attachments? Lesson Three Starter • Key terms test – you want to earn yourselves a ‘Social Sciences Super Speller’ Sticker! Bowlby’s Evolutionary Theory • Attachment is vital for survival • Humans have evolved to the point that infants have an innate tendency to form attachments - in other words it is natural and biological • Adults are also innately programmed to respond to and bond with, their infants • This attachment has a long term benefit in the sense that it forms the basis for all our relationships Innate programming • All psychological and physiological characteristics are naturally selected. Through natural selection, to ensure that the baby survives to reach maturity and reproduce • Babies produce instincts such as crying which means that the caregiver responds to them • Mothers have natural instincts to care for their children and ensure their surival • All about ensuring the survival of the genes Critical period • Attachment between infant and caregiver should not be disrupted or broken at any point during the first three years of life • If an attachment is not made within the first three years then the child will grow up to have ‘affectionless psychopathy’ Monotropy • A single attachment to the person who is the most important to them (usually the mother) • One relationship is more important than any of the others and this exists throughout the life of the child • This was a very controversial part of his theory Internal working model • The first relationship between the infant and the primary caregiver provided the child with an internal working model or template for their future relationships. • This model influences relationships later on in life • Looked at Harlow’s work and decided that the mother is like a ‘safe base’ providing comfort and security It’s like a jungle out there..... • All of the attachment behaviours serve to promote the survival of the infant • This is an evolutionary process Plenary Lorenz’s study as support for Bowlby • Studied the behaviour of geese who ‘imprint’ on the first object they see • Divided a group of geese eggs into two, half left with the mother and the other half in an incubator • When those in the incubator hatched, the first living thing they saw was Lorenz and they followed him around • Placed back with their mother, the ones in the incubators still continued to follow Lorenz Applications of study to Bowlby • A young animal that follows its mother is more likely to be safe from predators, be fed and learn how to find their food • More likely to survive and reproduce • Shows the importance of the critical period – the geese formed an attachment to the primary caregiver very quickly (even if it was Lorenz!)