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Download Classification of Organisms Chapter 17
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Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity I. Classification II. Scientific Names III. What is a Species IV. The Six Kingdoms The Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, eats over 10,000,000 ants or termites a year. How Classification Began Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) First widely used 2 groups • Plants and animals Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature: . scientific name. (of an individual species) • (bi=2; nomen=name) • Genus, species Developed in 1770 Presently used Based on physical and structural similarities Incorporates evolutionary relationships 2-word naming system Identifies a species I. Scientific Name: Latin International language—even though there may be several “common names” Each is unique Often Descriptive Can you tell where you will find this sea lion? Part of its scientific name refers to the coast it lives along - Zalophus californianus. Rank Fruit fly Human Pea Domain Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Phylum or Division Arthropoda Chordata Magnoliophyta Subphylum or subdivision Hexapoda Vertebrata Magnoliophytina Class Insecta Mammalia Magnoliopsida Subclass Pterygota Eutheria Magnoliidae Order Diptera Primates Fabales Suborder Brachycera Haplorrhini Fabineae Family Drosophilidae Hominidae Fabaceae Subfamily Drosophilinae Homininae Faboideae Genus Drosophila Homo Pisum Species D. melanogaster H. sapiens P. sativum Examples The usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well. Writing Scientific Names: First mention in a paper: Genus species or Genus species After this, may abbreviate one of these 2 ways: G. species or G. species Prehistoric mammal, Irish Elk Megaloceros giganteus largest antlers ever. A specimen found in an Irish peat bog had antlers 4.3 m or 14 ft across& 100+ lbs. Taxonomy • The science & process of classifying living things. • Categorized into groups; subdivide these into smaller subgroups, etc. • Each group ( and subgroup) : Taxon • Grouped from very broad to very specific • Smallet taxon is “species” • Based upon: physical, biochemical, genetic, behavorial characteristics Categories demonstrate relationships. 7 different levels . The Classif. Process The 3 Domains The 6 Kingdoms: A Hierarchical System Kingdom P hlyum Class Order Family Genus Species Classification & Evolution The more categories shared-the more closely related. These similarities are due to descent from recent common ancestor III. What is a Species? Basic Unit of Evolution Species change and give rise to new species Species Interbreed to produce fertile offspring. At least one unique inherited characteristic Hybrids-cross of 2 close species Usually sterile (horse + zebra = zebroid) Phylogenic Classification Phylogeny: evolutionary history Cladistics: one type Assume a group of organisms diverge & evolve from a common ancestral group. They retain a unique characteristic (derived characteristics) Cladogram: A branching diagram illustrates (model). 2 organisms near one another share a _____recent common ancestor Show probable evolution from a group IV. The Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 1. Archaebacteria Prokaryote Extremophyles Ancestors of all eukaryotes 2. Eubacteria Prokaryotes Most common bacteria Ancestors of chloroplasts and mitochondria 3. Protista Much diversity Most single celled; some multicelled; mainly aquatic Some animal-like Some Plant-like Some Bacteria- like 4. Fungi Earth’s decomposers Mushrooms, yeast, molds Heterotrophs Extracellular Digestion 5. Plantae Multicellular Photosynthesis/Autotrophs Cell walls of cellulose Descended from green algae 6.Animalia Multicellular Movement Heterotrophs No cell walls Largest # of phyla found in seas Weekend Assignment: Due Tuesday Research the meaning of and evidence which supports Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiont Theory. How did chloroplasts and mitochondria originate? Include illustrations or pictures. 2 paragraphs minimum Other writing format option—may write a short story or poem with all of the pertinent information incorporated within.
