Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, pp. 193 – 198 By David Guzman, Alicia Witter, and Alexa Aftias Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolutionary Theory on Altruism Kin Selection Theory Inclusive Fitness Gene is the driver of evolution Kin helping the genes in their relatives pass on Hamilton’s Law rB > C Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Non Kin Altruism: Problems According to evolutionary theory, kin altruism should always come before non kin altruism This is because kin share genes Some studies have shown that non kin receive as much or more help than kin Kin do not reciprocate help as much as non kin Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Method 295 Participants Asked participants relationship of the target individual Siblings, cousins, acquaintances, and close friends Level of cost was pre-selected Low-cost was categorized as emotional support Medium-cost was represented by five items: help during an illness, crisis, everyday living, with housing, and financial help High-cost dealt with a hypothetical situation of either donating a kidney or risk injury and death to save the target individual Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Results Low cost Medium cost High cost 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sibling Cousin Acq Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Friend Help given as a function of help received for each relationship category 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 Reciprocated help 0.4 0.2 0 Sib Cou Acq Fre Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Interesting Points Friends received the most help at low cost Siblings received less help than friends at low cost But the higher the cost, the higher the help they received Cousins were low in low cost and medium cost But as cost increased, help for friends decreased as well But high cost (life and death) they sky rocketed up Acquaintances help in high cost plummeted Acquintances received the most reciprocated help Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Discussion Evolutionary theory is consistent with non kin altruism Emotional attachment is not primary Lack ofKin Reciprocity: Old generation passes on to the new Non Kin Reciporcity: Larger time frame Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange. Critical Review Strength The strength of the study lies in the classification of low, medium, and high cost helps as determining factors between kin and non kin. This method of measuring altruism was very effective and qualified the levels of cost and willingness to help. Weakness The hypothetical situations for high cost level may have been a variable on the responses of the participants. Hypothetical situations only measure what the participant thinks they would do, not what actually did happen like the low cost and medium cost conditions. Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal exchange.