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In your notes, compare the two pictures. List at least three similarities and at least three differences The change of a species over time…. Millions of years Gene pool the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next Changes in structure, function and behavior Theory: An idea which is supported by extensive, repeated experiments, but not proven as law. Why isn’t evolution a law? Limited access to the past PRESENT DAY SPECIES DEVELOPED (EVOLVED) FROM EARLIER, DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT SPECIES. The “evolution” of Evolutionary Theories Lamarck’s Theory: Stated that structures appear because they are needed, called the theory of Use & Disuse ex. Longer necks in giraffes Weismann DISPROVED the theory that stated that acquired traits can be passed on to the next generation. Charles Darwin “The Father of Evolution” WHO WAS CHARLES DARWIN? *GREW UP IN ENGLAND. *LEFT MEDICAL SCHOOL AT 17 YEARS OLD *BECAME A CLERGYMAN & NATURALIST AT THE AGE OF 22. *SAILED ON THE H.M.S. BEAGLE IN 1831. *PUBLISHED THE ‘ORIGIN OF SPECIES’ IN 1859. HOW DID DARWIN START? GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 80 80 80 GR EE NL AN D 70 70 70 60 60 50 60 50 E NORTH 40 AMERICA A 30 T 20 PACI FI C 30 L O P 50 ASI A A OCEAN N T 20 20 IC AFRI CA 10 I NDI AN O SOUTH 10 20 EQUATOR OCEAN E 10 A AMERICA TROPICOF CAPRICORN 30 TROPICOF CANCER 10 OCEAN 40 30 C 20 R 40 EQUATOR 10 U E PACIFIC TROPICOF CANCER 10 70 60 50 40 80 D AN NL EE GR 10 N 20 20 10 20 TROPOFCAPRICORN AUSTRALIA 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 80 70 80 30 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 ANTARCTICA80 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 Darwin wrote about the differences between the European animals and plants compared to their counterparts in South America, Australia & Africa. These observations, and his readings of other scientific novels, led Darwin to doubt his religious background about the origin of the Earth. Originally Darwin’s ideas were referred to as……………… 1859 wrote book titled “Origin of the Species” Key Concepts 1. Species present now were not created in present forms instead they evolved from ancestral species 2. Natural Selection: causes evolution States that only those organisms containing the best variations can survive and reproduce in a given environment Individuals who survive are the ones best adapted to exist in their environment due to the possession of variations to maximize their fitness. Overproduction Competition Variations Adaptations Survival of the Fittest Natural Selection Speciation Formation of a new species due to favorable adaptations gradually accumulating, while unfavorable adaptations gradually disappear Any organisms which can: 1. Interbreed 2. Produce fertile offspring 3. Under natural conditions • Darwin observed 13 species of finches on the Galápagos Islands that were similar except for differences in body size, beak shape, and eating habits. • He also noticed that all finches were similar to 1 finch he saw on the South American coast. • Darwin reasoned that the Galápagos finches must have had to compete for food. • Finches with beak shapes that let them eat food survived longer & reproduced more than finches without those beak shapes. • After many generations, these groups of finches became separate species. A person has been arrested on the charge that he robbed $50,000 from the First City National Bank last night. What must the district attorney do to prove that this man is the robber? Evidence is essential for all scientific studies, theories, and laws. In science, the word theory refers to a comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature that is supported by many facts gathered over time. In this sense, a theory is a systematic and formalized expression of all previous observations, and is predictive, logical, and testable. Evidence In science …evidence is accumulated through observations of phenomena that occur in the natural world, or which are created as experiments in a laboratory. Scientific evidence usually goes towards supporting or rejecting a hypothesis Is the sum total of all the fossils discovered and undiscovered and their placement in sedimentary rock layers Fossils are the mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms TYPES OF FOSSILS Cast/mold fossils the original remains of the organism have been completely dissolved or otherwise destroyed True form fossils … remains of the actual animal or animal part Trace fossils …….are the remains of track ways, burrows, eggs and eggshells, nests, droppings and other types of impressions. RESIN FOSSILS ….. Resin is an excretion of certain plants for protection When an organism gets caught, whole organism preservation occurs is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. Structure and form Homologous structures •body parts which are similar in different species •they may or may not perform the same function. •An example is the forelimb structure shared by cats and whales. anatomy whose bones are they? HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES are evidence that a common ancestor exists for the organisms being studied The leaves of an oak (left) and the leaves of a gingko (right) are homologous — they were both inherited from a common ancestor with leaves. The wing of a dragonfly (left) and the wing of a butterfly (right) are homologous — they were both inherited from an ancient flying insect. Analogous Structures •Structure that are similar in different organisms because they evolved in a similar environment •They usually serve the same or similar purposes •An example is the torpedo body shape of porpoises and sharks VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES describes homologous traits of organisms which have lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution study of comparative developmental anatomy is the study of differences in chemical (metabolic) processes among species EXAMPLES DNA AND CHROMOSOMES IS THE STUDY OF DIFFERENCES IN CELL STRUCTURE, COMPOSTION AND FUNCTION