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Evolution Part 1 1. Who is the naturalist credited for the evolution theory? Charles Darwin 2. What is the definition for evolution? • Species change over time 3. What are the two animals that Darwin studied on the Galapagos Islands and what characteristics did he study? • Tortoises-different shell shapes to reach food • -Finches-distinct beak shapes for different food 4. What is the idea that each living species has descended from older species called? • Descent with modification 5. Darwin's theory of evolution was based on _____ ______which states that useful variations for their environment survive & reproduce successfully resulting in evolution of a species. • Natural Selection 6 Phenotypes, physical traits, that are favorable and passed onto offspring is associated with what memorable phrase? • Survival of the Fittest! 7. How can lethal alleles be passed on through generations? • It can be hidden by the dominant alleles/traits in carriers 8. What does natural selection act upon? • The phenotype 9. What determines which variation is considered useful and passed on? • The environment/nature 10. What are characteristics called that make individuals different within the same species? • Variations 11. Does larger or smaller variations in a species increase the chance of a species survival? Why? • Increase • They will be able to survive a larger variety of environmental situations 12. Are mutations good, bad, and/or neither? • All of the above 13. What is a variation called that helps an organism survive in its environment? • Adaptations 14. How are adaptations chosen and who/what chooses them? • The adaptations that help the organism survive in the environment 15. What can happen to a species without the right adaptations? • It can become extinct or endangered 16. What is it called when an organism blends into the surrounding? Give an example. • Camouflage- chameleon/walking stick/leaf frog 17. What is it called a species resembles a harmful species in physical appearance or behavior? Give an example. • Mimicry-hornet and bee 18. What are the four main causes of evolution? • • • • -Natural Selection -Migration -Genetic Drift -Mutation 19. What is the most common cause of offspring variation from sexual reproduction and gamete formation? • Gene shuffling 20. What is a random change in DNA that can cause evolution? List the 2 main types and define them. • Mutation • -Frameshift/Point Mutations 21.What is migration also known as? • Gene flow 22.Genetic drift is a _____change in allele frequency • random 23.Genetic drift affects ___ and ______ type of populations most. • Small • isolated 24.What is a change in allele frequency due to the migration of small subgroups starting new populations? • Founder effect 25.Does the founder effect cause identical populations to the ones they migrated from? • No-it depends on the founding alleles 26.Nonrandom mating means that mates are chosen by how __ they are, which leads to a ______ • Fit • Better 27.What cause acts on the phenotype? • Natural Selection 28.What is it called when there is no change in a population over many generations? Does it occur often? • Genetic equilibrium-it is very rare 29.What is the principle that allele frequency will remain the same unless 1 or more factors change. • Hardy-Weinberg 30.To achieve genetic equilibrium: • • • • • No-mutations occur No-gene flow/migration in or out No-natural selection Yes-individuals mate randomly Yes-large gene pool 31.What is all of the alleles in a population called? • Gene pool 32What does stabilizing selection favor? Draw a diagram. • Favors the average individuals 33.What does stabilizing selection reduce? • Reduces variations 34.What does directional selection favor? Draw a diagram. • One extreme 35.Directional selection can lead to what? • Rapid evolution of a new species 36.What does disruptive selection favor? Draw a diagram. • BOTH extremes of the species 37.Disruptive selection can lead to what • 2 new species? 38.What are the 5 main types of proof used for evolution? • -Fossil Records (accumulation of fossil information) • -Homologous structures • -Vestigial structures • -Embryonic structures • -DNA similarities 39.What shows the accumulation of information that shows the pattern of change amongst past living things? • Fossil record 40.What are remains of earlier life called? • Fossils 41.What type of rock are most fossils in? • Sedimentary 42.What are the 5 main types of fossils? • • • • • -Casts -Molds -Amber -Imprints -Petrified 43.What are the 3 main things that fossil records can prove? Briefly describe each • Biological diversity-kinds of organisms • -Episodic speciation-when a new species appears • -Mass extinction-when there is a sudden disappearance of an organism 44.What are the 2 main types of fossil dating? Briefly describe each. • -Radioactive dating-measuring the amount of radioactive element (Carbon 14 usually) left in the fossil • -Relative Dating-Comparing fossils against other fossils from the same layer of Earth 45.How do you figure the half life? • By measuring time it takes for ½ the radioactive element to decay 46What type of evidence shows similar patterns of an organisms' parts (though may have different functions) indicating that they have recent common ancestors. Give an example • Homologous structures-ex. Bird’s wing to human arm to penguin forelimb, to alligator arm to whale fin 47.What type of evidence is that an organism has a part that has no current function, but was functional to their ancestors? Give an example. • Vestigial structures-appendix, pelvic bones in whales, wings for ostriches 48.What type of evidence shows similarities of the earliest stages of life? Give an example. • Embryology-mammals, birds, and reptiles all have tails and gill slits as embryos 49.What type of evidence shows a close relationship in the cells codes? Give an example. • DNA-chimpanzees are 98% chromosomally similar to humans 50.What type of evolution starts as 2 unrelated species that become similar usually because of environment? Give an example • Convergent evolution-sharks(fish), penguins(birds), & dolphins(mammals) are similar because they all adapt to the same habitat 51.What type of evolution starts as 2 species that evolve in response to each other? Give an example. • Coevolutionpoisonous plants and insects that become poison resistant 52.What type of evolution starts with 1 species that becomes different and creates 2 species, usually due to differing habitats? Give an example • Divergent Evolutionpenguins, ostriches, and hummingbird all adapted & became different species 53.What type of evolution starts with 1 species and evolve into many species? Give an example • Adaptive radiation (Descent with Modification)-Finches evolved into many different species