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What do These 3 Things Have in Common?? statue Sand Pile Grand Canyon They have all been subjected to the process of WEATHERING WEATHERING: is THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESS THAT CHANGES ROCK For weathering to occur the rocks must be exposed to: AIR (atmosphere) WATER (hydrosphere) ACTION OF HUMANS & OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS Evidence of Weathering: the end product of the weathering of rock is SEDIMENT PHYSICAL WEATHERING: ROCKS ARE BROKEN INTO SMALLER PIECES WITHOUT CHANGING THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE ROCK Explain how water and wind can can cause physical weathering in the following ways: The alternate freezing and thawing of water WATER EXPANDS WHEN IT FREEZES This is called……. Ice Wedging or Frost Action a weathered sidewalk *ABRASION RUNNING WATER AND WIND CAN RUB OR WEAR DOWN ROCKS * BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY A sidewalk being lifted by the tree roots!! *Humans can influence the rate of weathering by the use of powerful equipment If you increase the surface area you will ___________ increase the rate of weathering rate of weathering Surface area CHEMICAL WEATHERING: Rocks are broken and the chemical composition is also ___________ CHANGED • OXIDATION OCCURS OXYGEN WHEN __________ FROM AIR COMBINES MINERALS WITH ___________ TO FORM OXIDES RUST •CARBONATION WATER OCCURS WHEN __________ CONTAINING __________ CARBONICACID DISSOLVES MINERALS EX. LIMESTONE CAVES * POLLUTANTS can speed up the rate of chemical weathering OXIDES OF SULFER AND NITROGEN MAKE RAINWATER UNNATURALLY ACIDIC ACID RAIN •HYDRATION OCCURS WHEN _______ MINERALS SUCH AS MICA AND FELDSPAR ABSORB WATER AND WEAKEN ________ AND FORM ________ CLAY CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON WEATHERING: PHYSICAL WEATHERING DOMINATES IN COLD, MOIST CLIMATES CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON WEATHERING: CHEMICAL WEATHERING DOMINATES IN WARM, MOIST CLIMATES IN GENERAL WHEN THERE IS MORE MOISTURE THERE IS MORE WEATHERING Central Park CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLE RATE OF WEATHERING ALSO DEPENDS ON: MINERAL COMPOSITION ROCK RESISTANCE (HARDNESS) WATER DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE MOST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING? DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE MOST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING? DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE LEAST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING? DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE LEAST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING? SOIL FORMATION: SOIL IS THE COMBINATION OF: ROCK PARTICLES MINERALS ORGANIC MATTER EROSION: TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENTS AND DEPOSITING THEM ELSEWHERE EROSION IS DRIVEN BY THE FORCE OF GRAVITY THE AGENTS OF EROSION ARE: RUNNING WATER WIND MOVING ICE (GLACIERS) Each Agent of Erosion Produces it’s Own Characteristic shape and Texture in the Sediment : ROUNDS AND SMOOTHES THE ROCK SURFACE ALSO MAKES IT SMALLER WIND BLOWN SEDIMENTS FROST AND PIT THE ROCK SURFACE SMALL SEDIMENTS IN THE GLACIER POLISHES & SMOOTHES THE ROCK SURFACE LARGE SEDIMENTS SCRATCH AND STRIATE THE ROCK SURFACE FALLEN ROCKS ARE SHARP & ANGULAR The primary agent of erosion is: RUNNING WATER Colorado River Grand Canyon Niagra Falls