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Puts the “party” in “Organic Chemistry.” The Basics Alcohol’s basic formula: R - OH Alcohols are one form of organic compounds which contain Oxygen, another being Ethers. Ethers are very similar in composition to Alcohol. Alcohol: R – OH Ethers: R-O-R Two other classes including Carboxylic acids and Esters (also having similar molecular structures) both have two oxygens, one of the oxygens being sharing a double bond with a carbon. Nomenclature Prefixes The parent chain may be a branch style chain or a cyclic chain. Typically, the same prefix is used. Eg: Meth, Eth, Prop, But… etc. However, when the alcohol has a higher priority functional group (such as an Aldehyde, a Ketone or a Carboxilic acid) that is not a hydroxyl group, it uses the prefix hydroxy. Eg: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH) Suffixes When the functional group with the highest priority happens to be an hydroxyl group, the prefix used is – ol. Other substances that do not use the suffix ‘ol’ but do have multiple hydroxyl groups include: citric acid, lactic acid, and sucrose. The position of the Hydroxyl group is demonstrated by a number. In laymen’s terms: Just drop the “e” at the end of an alkane’s name, and replace it with an “ol." Examples of Nomenclature: Pentan-3-ol CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 OH The Classes Acyclic One important class of Alcohols the acyclic alcohols. (Acyclic: Non cyclic) One example of an Acyclic alcohols is Ethanol (C2H5OH), which is the alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages, and is commonly referred to simply as ‘alcohol’. CnH2n+1OH (formula) Subsection: Methanol Methanol The simplest form of alcohol is Methanol, or Methyl Alcohol. The formula for Methanol is CH3OH. Methanol is a good fuel, and at one time, was used in antifreeze. It is poisonous. When sold, Methanol can be named different names such as: “Wood Alcohol” , “Methyl hydrate” or “Methylated Spirits.” Methanol has a sweet aroma. Subsection: Ethanol The History of Ethanol Ethanol has been consumed by Humans for thousands of years. A piece of pottery was found in China dating back to 7000b.c. was found with residues of ethanol. The ancient Greeks & Arabs knew of distillation processes, but the first recorded distilling of ethanol was in the 12th century by the School of Salerno alchemists. The first time pure ethanol was obtained was in 1796, by Johann Tobias Lowitz by filtering distilled alcohol through activated charcoal. (charcoal that is processed to be extremely porous and have a large surface area) Properties of Ethanol Ethanol is a clear flammable liquid that boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. The formula for Ethanol is C2H5OH. http://i.treehugger.com/files/th_images/blue_ethanol_flame.jpg Commercial availability Alcohols that are sold as consumer products with ethanol which are not meant for consumption have toxins added to them such as Methanol, which render it unpalatable. The highest commercially available content of alcohol is surprisingly 95% alcohol. One locale at which it is sold is Kittling Ridge, Estate Wines & Spirits (http://www.kittlingridge.com/ ). Ethanol Also known as Ethyl Alcohol or Grain Alcohol. This is the Alcohol typically consumed by humans. It has sharp aroma. When burnt, it produces a colorless flame. It is a good solvent for many organic compounds. Fermentation Ethanol is often created when sugars are fermented by yeast. Subsection: Propanol Isopropyl Alcohol (propan-2-ol) This is a secondary alcohol, it’s Hydroxyl group being attached to the second link in the propane-mother-chain. Isopropyl Alcohol has a strong, distinct odor. Isopropyl Alcohol is available publically and has many uses such as: Dissolving non-polar compounds. Sterilization. “Dissolving lipophilic [able to dissolve in fats]contaminants such as oil.” – (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol) Known as Rubbing alcohol. Isopropyl Alcohol Propanetriol (Glycerol/glycerin/glycerine) Glycerol is the main component of many fats and can be formed by the saponification of fats (making soap). Glycerol is used in polyurethane foams, and nitroglycerin (glycerole trinitrate) which is used in the manufacturing of explosives. Glycerol’s formula is C3H5(OH)3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol#Nitroglycerine Subsection: Butanol N-Butanol (Butyl Alcohol) C4H10O Occurs naturally (as a minor product) during the fermentation of glucose and other carbohydrates. Present in many beverages and foods. In the united states it is used as a flavorant for items such as: “butter, cream, fruit, rum, whiskey, ice cream and ices, candy, baked goods and cordials.” – (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol) (aint she a but) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol Isobutanol (2-methylpropan-1-ol) (CH3)2CHCH2OH A colorless flammable liquid used as a solvent. Has many uses, such as: Remover of Varnish, an ingredient in ink, an additive to paint. One of the least toxic butanols. (A guy who has fallen on his face, and can’t get up. Oh dear.) -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isobutanol-2D-skeletal.png Sec-Butanol (2-butanol) CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 Colorless, odorless, flammable liquid. 2-Butanol is sometimes used as a solvent, however, it is usually converted into Butanone (a Ketone) which is a solvent/paint remover. (Someone who is falling, but braced themselves with their hand) -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-butanol_Line-Structure.svg Tert-Butanol (2-metyl-2-propanol) This is the simplest Tertiary (three) alcohol. A clear liquid, which tends to be solid at room temperatures. Some uses: an ingredient in paint removers, an octane level increaser for gasoline. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butanol Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Primary alcohols. Primary alcohols are alcohols which have a hydroxyl group bonded to one alkyl group. Eg. Ethanol CH3-CH2-OH Propan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-OH 2-methylpropan-1-ol CH3-CH-CH2-OH CH3 Secondary Alcohols A secondary alcohol is an alcohol who’s Hydroxyl group is attached to a Hydrocarbon which is attached to two other hydrocarbons. Eg: Propan-2-ol CH3-CH-CH3 OH Tertiary Alcohols A Tertiary alcohol is one who’s Hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon which is attached to three other alkyl groups. CH3 Eg: 2-methylbutan-2-ol CH3-CH2-C-CH3 OH The Outside World Examples of reactions: Methanol burning in air, forming CO2 and H2O: -- 2CH3OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 4H2O Fermentation of Glucose (to make Ethanol): -- C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Examples of consumable ethanol products: Rum, whiskey, grog, mead, port, rosée, pinot noir, champagne, box o’ wine, vodka, beer, draft bear, malt liquor, jager… AND MANY MORE! Efcftes fo alchool -> Sntad yb for a veido. List of terms used in Effects of Alcohol. Diuretic. VR1 Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/health/drugs/dri nking.shtml http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/alc ohol-on-the-wound/ ChemCom: Chemistry in your community, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Second Edition Chemistry, D.H. Busch, H. Schull, R.T. Conley.