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Puts the “party” in “Organic Chemistry.”
The Basics
Alcohol’s basic formula:
R - OH
Alcohols are one form of organic compounds which contain
Oxygen, another being Ethers. Ethers are very similar in
composition to Alcohol.
Alcohol: R – OH
Ethers: R-O-R
Two other classes including Carboxylic acids and Esters
(also having similar molecular structures) both have two
oxygens, one of the oxygens being sharing a double bond
with a carbon.
Nomenclature
Prefixes
 The parent chain may be a branch style chain or a
cyclic chain.
 Typically, the same prefix is used.
 Eg: Meth, Eth, Prop, But… etc.
 However, when the alcohol has a higher priority
functional group (such as an Aldehyde, a Ketone or a
Carboxilic acid) that is not a hydroxyl group, it uses the
prefix hydroxy.
 Eg: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH)
Suffixes
 When the functional group with the highest priority
happens to be an hydroxyl group, the prefix used is –
ol.
 Other substances that do not use the suffix ‘ol’ but do
have multiple hydroxyl groups include: citric acid,
lactic acid, and sucrose.
 The position of the Hydroxyl group is demonstrated by
a number.
 In laymen’s terms: Just drop the “e” at the end of an
alkane’s name, and replace it with an “ol."
Examples of Nomenclature:
Pentan-3-ol
CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
OH
The Classes
Acyclic
 One important class of Alcohols the acyclic alcohols.
 (Acyclic: Non cyclic)
 One example of an Acyclic alcohols is Ethanol
(C2H5OH), which is the alcohol that is found in
alcoholic beverages, and is commonly referred to
simply as ‘alcohol’.
 CnH2n+1OH (formula)
Subsection: Methanol
Methanol
 The simplest form of alcohol is Methanol, or Methyl
Alcohol. The formula for Methanol is CH3OH.
Methanol is a good fuel, and at one time, was used in
antifreeze. It is poisonous. When sold, Methanol can
be named different names such as: “Wood Alcohol” ,
“Methyl hydrate” or “Methylated Spirits.” Methanol
has a sweet aroma.
Subsection: Ethanol
The History of Ethanol
 Ethanol has been consumed by Humans for thousands
of years. A piece of pottery was found in China dating
back to 7000b.c. was found with residues of ethanol.
 The ancient Greeks & Arabs knew of distillation
processes, but the first recorded distilling of ethanol
was in the 12th century by the School of Salerno
alchemists.
 The first time pure ethanol was obtained was in 1796,
by Johann Tobias Lowitz by filtering distilled alcohol
through activated charcoal. (charcoal that is processed
to be extremely porous and have a large surface area)
Properties of Ethanol
 Ethanol is a clear flammable liquid that boils at 78.4
degrees Celsius.
 The formula for Ethanol is C2H5OH.
http://i.treehugger.com/files/th_images/blue_ethanol_flame.jpg
Commercial availability
 Alcohols that are sold as consumer products with
ethanol which are not meant for consumption have
toxins added to them such as Methanol, which render
it unpalatable. The highest commercially available
content of alcohol is surprisingly 95% alcohol. One
locale at which it is sold is Kittling Ridge, Estate Wines
& Spirits (http://www.kittlingridge.com/ ).
Ethanol
 Also known as Ethyl Alcohol or Grain Alcohol. This is
the Alcohol typically consumed by humans. It has
sharp aroma. When burnt, it produces a colorless
flame. It is a good solvent for many organic
compounds.
Fermentation
 Ethanol is often created when sugars are fermented by
yeast.
Subsection: Propanol
Isopropyl Alcohol (propan-2-ol)
 This is a secondary alcohol, it’s Hydroxyl group being
attached to the second link in the propane-mother-chain.
 Isopropyl Alcohol has a strong, distinct odor.
 Isopropyl Alcohol is available publically and has many uses
such as:
 Dissolving non-polar compounds.
 Sterilization.
 “Dissolving lipophilic [able to dissolve in fats]contaminants
such as oil.” –
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol)
 Known as Rubbing alcohol.
Isopropyl Alcohol
Propanetriol
(Glycerol/glycerin/glycerine)
 Glycerol is the main component of many fats and can
be formed by the saponification of fats (making soap).
 Glycerol is used in polyurethane foams, and
nitroglycerin (glycerole trinitrate) which is used in the
manufacturing of explosives.
 Glycerol’s formula is C3H5(OH)3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol#Nitroglycerine
Subsection: Butanol
N-Butanol (Butyl Alcohol)
 C4H10O
 Occurs naturally (as a minor product) during the
fermentation of glucose and other carbohydrates.
 Present in many beverages and foods.
 In the united states it is used as a flavorant for items
such as: “butter, cream, fruit, rum, whiskey, ice cream
and ices, candy, baked goods and cordials.” –
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol)
(aint she a but)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol
Isobutanol (2-methylpropan-1-ol)
 (CH3)2CHCH2OH
 A colorless flammable liquid used as a solvent.
 Has many uses, such as: Remover of Varnish, an
ingredient in ink, an additive to paint.
 One of the least toxic butanols.
(A guy who has fallen on his face, and
can’t get up. Oh dear.) ->
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isobutanol-2D-skeletal.png
Sec-Butanol (2-butanol)
 CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
 Colorless, odorless, flammable liquid.
 2-Butanol is sometimes used as a solvent, however, it is
usually converted into Butanone (a Ketone) which is a
solvent/paint remover.
(Someone who is
falling, but braced
themselves with
their hand) ->
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-butanol_Line-Structure.svg
Tert-Butanol (2-metyl-2-propanol)
 This is the simplest Tertiary (three) alcohol.
 A clear liquid, which tends to be solid at room
temperatures.
 Some uses: an ingredient in paint removers, an octane
level increaser for gasoline.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butanol
Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
Primary alcohols.
Primary alcohols are alcohols which have a hydroxyl
group bonded to one alkyl group.
Eg.
Ethanol CH3-CH2-OH
Propan-1-ol CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
2-methylpropan-1-ol CH3-CH-CH2-OH
CH3
Secondary Alcohols
 A secondary alcohol is an alcohol who’s Hydroxyl
group is attached to a Hydrocarbon which is attached
to two other hydrocarbons.
 Eg:
 Propan-2-ol CH3-CH-CH3
OH
Tertiary Alcohols
 A Tertiary alcohol is one who’s Hydroxyl group is
attached to a carbon which is attached to three other
alkyl groups.
CH3
 Eg:
2-methylbutan-2-ol CH3-CH2-C-CH3
OH
The Outside World
Examples of reactions:
 Methanol burning in air, forming CO2 and H2O:
-- 2CH3OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 4H2O
 Fermentation of Glucose (to make Ethanol):
-- C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Examples of consumable ethanol
products:
Rum, whiskey, grog, mead, port, rosée, pinot
noir, champagne, box o’ wine, vodka, beer,
draft bear, malt liquor, jager… AND MANY
MORE!
Efcftes fo alchool
-> Sntad yb for a
veido.
List of terms used in Effects of
Alcohol.
 Diuretic.
 VR1
Sources:
 http://en.wikipedia.org
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/health/drugs/dri
nking.shtml
 http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/alc
ohol-on-the-wound/
 ChemCom: Chemistry in your community,
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
 Second Edition Chemistry, D.H. Busch, H. Schull, R.T.
Conley.