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2
Basic Chemistry
PART A
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Matter and Energy
 ___________ – anything that
occupies space and has mass
(weight)
 ___________ -- the amount of
matter in any living organism or
nonliving thing
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composition of Matter
 Elements
 Fundamental units of matter
 ______ of the body is made from four elements
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
 Trace elements- ___ elements present in tiny
amounts (refer to pg. 23, table 2.1 for examples)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atomic Structure
Atoms
 Building blocks
of elements
 Nucleus
 _________
 _________
 Outside of nucleus
 _________
Figure 2.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Identifying Elements
 Atomic number
 Equal to the number of _______ that the
atoms contain
 Atomic mass number
 Sum of the ________ and _________
 The atomic number of atom X is 72, the
mass number is 36, how many protons are
present? –neutrons?
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molecules and Compounds
 __________ – two or more _____
atoms combined chemically
 __________ – two or more _______
atoms combined chemically
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Reactions
 Atoms are united by ________
bonds
 What determines whether or not an
atom will form a bond?
_____________________________
_____________________________
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Electrons and Bonding
 Electrons occupy energy levels
called electron shells
 Bonding involves interactions
between electrons in the outer shell
(__________)
 ______ valence shells do not form
bonds
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Inert Elements (stable)
 Have complete valence
shells and are stable
 Rule of 8s (__________)
 Shell 1 has 2
electrons
 Shell 2 has 10
electrons
 10 = 2 + 8
 Shell 3 has 18
electrons
 18 = 2 + 8 + 8
Figure 2.4a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reactive Elements
 Valence shells are not
full and are unstable
 Tend to gain, lose, or
share electrons
 Allows for bond
formation, which
produces stable
valence
Figure 2.4b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
 ________ _________
 Form when electrons are _________
_____________ from one atom to another
 Ions
 Charged particles
 __________ are negative
 __________ are positive
 Either _______ or _________ electrons
PRESS
TO PLAY
IONIC BONDS ANIMATION
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
 ___________ __________
 Atoms become stable through shared electrons
 ________ covalent bonds share one electron
 ________ covalent bonds share two electrons
Figure 2.6c
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Examples of Covalent Bonds
PRESS
TO PLAY
COVALENT BONDS ANIMATION
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.6a–b
Polarity
 ___________ _________
molecules
 Some are
non-polar
 Electrically neutral
as a molecule
 Some are
polar
 Have a positive
and negative side
Figure 2.7
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
 _________ ______
 ________ chemical bonds
 Hydrogen is attracted to ________
portion of polar molecule
 Provides attraction between
molecules
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
 Synthesis reaction (______________)
 Atoms or molecules combine
 Energy is absorbed for bond
formation
All synthesis reactions in the human
body are called ___________
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Patterns of Chemical Reaction
 Decomposition reaction
(_____________)
 Molecule is broken down
 Chemical energy is released
All decomposition reactions in the
human body are called ___________
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.9a–b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
 Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)
 Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions
 Switch is made between molecule parts
and different molecules are made
Figure 2.9c
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings