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2 Basic Chemistry PART A PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matter and Energy ___________ – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) ___________ -- the amount of matter in any living organism or nonliving thing Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter ______ of the body is made from four elements ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Trace elements- ___ elements present in tiny amounts (refer to pg. 23, table 2.1 for examples) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic Structure Atoms Building blocks of elements Nucleus _________ _________ Outside of nucleus _________ Figure 2.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Identifying Elements Atomic number Equal to the number of _______ that the atoms contain Atomic mass number Sum of the ________ and _________ The atomic number of atom X is 72, the mass number is 36, how many protons are present? –neutrons? Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds __________ – two or more _____ atoms combined chemically __________ – two or more _______ atoms combined chemically Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Reactions Atoms are united by ________ bonds What determines whether or not an atom will form a bond? _____________________________ _____________________________ Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electrons and Bonding Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (__________) ______ valence shells do not form bonds Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inert Elements (stable) Have complete valence shells and are stable Rule of 8s (__________) Shell 1 has 2 electrons Shell 2 has 10 electrons 10 = 2 + 8 Shell 3 has 18 electrons 18 = 2 + 8 + 8 Figure 2.4a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reactive Elements Valence shells are not full and are unstable Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence Figure 2.4b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds ________ _________ Form when electrons are _________ _____________ from one atom to another Ions Charged particles __________ are negative __________ are positive Either _______ or _________ electrons PRESS TO PLAY IONIC BONDS ANIMATION Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds ___________ __________ Atoms become stable through shared electrons ________ covalent bonds share one electron ________ covalent bonds share two electrons Figure 2.6c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Examples of Covalent Bonds PRESS TO PLAY COVALENT BONDS ANIMATION Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.6a–b Polarity ___________ _________ molecules Some are non-polar Electrically neutral as a molecule Some are polar Have a positive and negative side Figure 2.7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds _________ ______ ________ chemical bonds Hydrogen is attracted to ________ portion of polar molecule Provides attraction between molecules Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis reaction (______________) Atoms or molecules combine Energy is absorbed for bond formation All synthesis reactions in the human body are called ___________ Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reaction Decomposition reaction (_____________) Molecule is broken down Chemical energy is released All decomposition reactions in the human body are called ___________ Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.9a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (ABAC+B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made Figure 2.9c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings