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Transcript
THE ATOM From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory The Atom Objectives Explain the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions Summarize the five essential points of Dalton’s atomic theory the relationship between Dalton’s atomic theory and the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions Explain The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory The transformation of a substance or substances into one or more new substances is known as a chemical reaction The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Democritus (460 - 370 BC) All matter is composed of tiny indestructible units, called atoms Different kinds of matter are made up of different kinds of atoms The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Aristotle (384-322 BC) Disagreed with Democritus’ atomic theory Instead believed that matter was made up of a combination of only four elements water, fire, air, earth This was the belief for 2000 years The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Law of definite proportions: a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Law of multiple proportions: if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory The Atom Dalton’s Atomic Theory John Dalton FRS (1766 - 1844) An English chemist, meteorologist and physicist He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into color blindness The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory Atoms of different elements combine in simple wholenumber ratios to form chemical compounds In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory The Atom Foundation of the Atomic Theory Modern Atomic Theory Not all aspects of Dalton’s atomic theory have proven to be correct. We now know that: Atoms are divisible into even smaller particles A given element can have atoms with different masses Some important concepts remain unchanged All matter is composed of atoms Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element