Download H – O - Cobb Learning

1. What makes up everything in the universe?
Matter
2. Name 2 properties of all matter.
Volume and Mass
3. Define mass.
Quantity of matter an object has
4. How does weight differ from mass?
Weight is the pull of gravity on an object
5.What are elements? Pure substances that cannot
be broken down into simpler kinds of matter
6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a
living thing. C – H – O – N
7. What is used to represent an element?
Chemical SYMBOL (1 or 2 letters)
8. Name the smallest part of an element.
Atom
9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom?
Nucleus & Energy levels
10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what
does it contain?
Center & Contains protons & neutrons
11. What is the charge on a proton? +
A neutron? Neutral
same
12. All atoms of the same element have the ________
number of protons.
13. The number of protons in an atom determines
Atomic #
the __________________.
_
14. What is the charge on an electron?
15. If you know the number of protons in an atom,
how can you determine the number of
electrons? Usually equal
16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the
same number of neutrons? No
17. Atoms of the same element with different
Isotopes
numbers of neutrons are called ___________.
18. The mass of an atom is centered in the
___________.
Nucleus
19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an
Atomic Mass
atom determines its ___________________.
20. What atomic particle has a negative charge?
Electrons
21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to
determine the
atomic
mass
of
an
element?
e- have little to no mass
22. Where are electrons found? Energy levels
23. Which electrons in an atom have the most
energy? e- in the outer levels
24. How many energy levels are there & name
(7) - K – L – M – N – O - P - Q
them?
25. How many electrons will each energy level
hold? 2(n2) (n=energy level) K-2; L-8; M-18; etc.
26. Elements are arranged on a __________________
Periodic Table
#
by their atomic _____________.
27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about
elements? Rows - # of energy levels
28.What are Families & what do they tell you about
elements? Columns – Valence electrons
29. Two or more elements combined together make a
Chemical compound
_____________.
30. Chemical ______________
represent
Formulas
compounds.
Molecules
31. _____________
are the smallest part of a
compound.
Subscripts
32. ______________
in chemical formulas tell the
number of atoms of each element.
33. _____________
Coefficients in a formula tell the number of
molecules.
Different properties than
34. Compounds have ____________
its elements.
Energy
35. The outermost _______________
in elements
determine if they will combine.
2 or 8 e- outer energy levels
36. Elements with“Full”
___________
are stable & won’t react.
Chemical Bonds
Covalent
•Sharing valence electrons
•Single, double or triple
bonds can occur
•Very strong
Van der Waals (forces)
•Attraction between whole
molecules
•H-bonds are van der
Waals attraction between
H and other molecules.
Ionic
•Transferring valence
electrons
•Creates ions
(charged particles)
that are attracted to
each other
Ch.3
Energy in Reactions
Exothermic
Endothermic
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
(breaking down glucose)
(creating glucose)
Enzymes
1. Act as a catalyst
Lower the activation
energy
2. Are not used up or
changed during a
reaction
3. Are sensitive to
changes in heat & pH
Enzyme animation
4. Work for only one
specific reaction
AMAZING WATER!!
Water is fundamental to all life on Earth
The Properties of Water:
Polar molecule
“Universal Solvent”
Ice is less dense than liquid water
Surface Tension
Adhesion (other)
Cohesion (self)
Mixtures with Water
Homogeneous
Solutions
Solute
Polar
molecules
dissociate
in water
(form ions)
Solvent
Heterogeneous
Suspensions
Colloids
Non-polar
particles
eventually
settle out of
solution
Non-polar
particles do
not settle out
of solution
Paint
Ink
Milk
Mixtures with Water
pH – measure of H+ ions in solution
Some solutes release H+ ions into solution
ACIDS
Some solutes release OH- (hydroxide) ions into solution
BASES
pH Scale
Acidic
H+ = OH- Basic (Alkaline)
+
H > OH
OH- > H+
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Functional
Group
Hydroxyl
Formula
R-OH
Example
Alcohols
R-C
Aldehydes
=O
Carbonyl
Ketones
R –C–R
Carboxyl
R-C
R-C
Carboxylic
Acid
Organic Chemistry
Functional
Group
Amino
Formula
R-N - H
R-N
Sulfhydryl
R-SH
Phosphate
O= -O
R-O-P-O
Example
Amino
Acids
Thiols
Organic
Phosphates
Organic Chemistry
1. What group is
boxed in?
3. Identify
2. Which group(s)
do you see?
Ketone
Carboxyl
Aldehyde
Amino
5. Which group(s)
do you see?
4. Which group(s)
do you see?
Amino
Phosphate
Carboxyl
RNA
Hydroxyl
Biological Macromolecules
Monomers
Polymers
H2O
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Condensation
Reaction
(Dehydration
Synthesis)
Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids &
Glycerol
H2O
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Hydrolysis
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Biological Macromolecules
Amino Acids
Polypeptide
Hydrolysis/enzyme animation